refactor(platform-browser): move TransferState init logic into its constructor (#49191)

This commit updates the TransferState class to move its init logic from the `useFactory` function to its constructor. The change is needed to make the init behavior consistent across different injection scenarios and tolerate the issue described in https://github.com/angular/angular/issues/49190.

PR Close #49191

goldens/public-api/platform-browser/index.md

@@ -229,6 +229,7 @@ export class Title {
 
 // @public
 export class TransferState {
+    constructor();
     get<T>(key: StateKey<T>, defaultValue: T): T;
     hasKey<T>(key: StateKey<T>): boolean;
     get isEmpty(): boolean;

packages/platform-browser/src/browser/transfer_state.ts

@@ -83,20 +83,15 @@ export function makeStateKey<T = void>(key: string): StateKey<T> {
  *
  * @publicApi
  */
-@Injectable({
-  providedIn: 'root',
-  useFactory: () => {
-    const doc = inject(DOCUMENT);
-    const appId = inject(APP_ID);
-    const state = new TransferState();
-    state.store = retrieveTransferredState(doc, appId);
-    return state;
-  }
-})
+@Injectable({providedIn: 'root'})
 export class TransferState {
   private store: {[k: string]: unknown|undefined} = {};
   private onSerializeCallbacks: {[k: string]: () => unknown | undefined} = {};
 
+  constructor() {
+    this.store = retrieveTransferredState(inject(DOCUMENT), inject(APP_ID));
+  }
+
   /**
    * Get the value corresponding to a key. Return `defaultValue` if key is not found.
    */