fix(schematics): @angular/material schematics not working (#13406)

* Due to the upgrade to TypeScript 3.0.0 and the fact that we refer to the actual sources instead of `../../../dist/packages/cdk` (for path mappings), TypeScript will output the Material schematics in an incorrect output structure. This can be fixed by taking advantage of the new "Project References" feature.

https://github.com/angular/material2-builds/tree/master/schematics/lib/schematics (Notice the additional `lib/schematics` folder in the `@angular/material/schematics` folder).

src/cdk/schematics/tsconfig.json

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 {
   "compilerOptions": {
+    "composite": true,
+    "declaration": true,
     "lib": ["es2017"],
     "module": "commonjs",
     "moduleResolution": "node",

src/lib/schematics/ng-update/upgrade-data.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
  * found in the LICENSE file at https://angular.io/license
  */
 
+import {RuleUpgradeData} from '@angular/cdk/schematics';
 import {
   attributeSelectors,
   classNames,
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ import {
 } from './data';
 
 /** Upgrade data that will be used for the Angular Material ng-update schematic. */
-export const materialUpgradeData = {
+export const materialUpgradeData: RuleUpgradeData = {
   attributeSelectors,
   classNames,
   constructorChecks,

src/lib/schematics/tsconfig.json

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
     "skipDefaultLibCheck": true,
     "skipLibCheck": true,
     "sourceMap": true,
+    "declaration": true,
     "target": "es6",
     "types": [
       "jasmine",
@@ -16,9 +17,12 @@
     ],
     "baseUrl": ".",
     "paths": {
-      "@angular/cdk/schematics": ["../../cdk/schematics/"]
+      "@angular/cdk/schematics": ["../../cdk/schematics"]
     }
   },
+  "references": [
+    {"path": "../../cdk/schematics"}
+  ],
   "exclude": [
     "**/*.spec.ts",
     // Exclude the test-setup utility files. Those should not be part of the output.