Revert "refactor(router): Remove promise catch and re-reject (#48067)" (#48135)

This reverts commit 07c9396824. This
change caused test failures (both unit and integration). Though the code
looks like it should be a no-op update, it's possible it affecting
something to do with microtasks, zoneJS, and change detection. More
investigation would need to be done into the exact nature of the
failures.

PR Close #48135

packages/router/src/router.ts

@@ -1413,7 +1413,11 @@ export class Router {
       currentRouterState: this.routerState
     });
 
-    return promise;
+    // Make sure that the error is propagated even though `processNavigations` catch
+    // handler does not rethrow
+    return promise.catch((e: any) => {
+      return Promise.reject(e);
+    });
   }
 
   private setBrowserUrl(url: UrlTree, t: NavigationTransition) {