chore: coding style (#4352)

Co-authored-by: william <myname@example.com>

.codecov.yml

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+coverage:
+  status:
+    patch: true
+    project: false # disabled because project coverage is not stable
 comment:
   layout: "flags, files"
   behavior: once

.dockerignore

@@ -1 +1,7 @@
 **/.git
+.dockerignore
+Dockerfile
+goctl
+Makefile
+readme.md
+readme-cn.md

.github/FUNDING.yml

@@ -1,13 +1,3 @@
 # These are supported funding model platforms
 
-github: # Replace with up to 4 GitHub Sponsors-enabled usernames e.g., [user1, user2]
+github: [zeromicro]
-patreon: # Replace with a single Patreon username
-open_collective: # Replace with a single Open Collective username
-ko_fi: # Replace with a single Ko-fi username
-tidelift: # Replace with a single Tidelift platform-name/package-name e.g., npm/babel
-community_bridge: # Replace with a single Community Bridge project-name e.g., cloud-foundry
-liberapay: # Replace with a single Liberapay username
-issuehunt: # Replace with a single IssueHunt username
-otechie: # Replace with a single Otechie username
-custom: # https://gitee.com/kevwan/static/raw/master/images/sponsor.jpg
-ethereum: # 0x5052b7f6B937B02563996D23feb69b38D06Ca150 | kevwan

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -5,6 +5,14 @@
 
 version: 2
 updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "docker" # Update image tags in Dockerfile
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions" # Update GitHub Actions
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
   - package-ecosystem: "gomod" # See documentation for possible values
     directory: "/" # Location of package manifests
     schedule:

.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml

@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
     # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
     - name: Initialize CodeQL
-      uses: github/codeql-action/init@v2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@v3
       with:
         languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
         # If you wish to specify custom queries, you can do so here or in a config file.
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ jobs:
     # Autobuild attempts to build any compiled languages  (C/C++, C#, or Java).
     # If this step fails, then you should remove it and run the build manually (see below)
     - name: Autobuild
-      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v3
 
     # ℹ️ Command-line programs to run using the OS shell.
     # 📚 https://git.io/JvXDl
@@ -64,4 +64,4 @@ jobs:
     #   make release
 
     - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v3

.github/workflows/go.yml

@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Check out code into the Go module directory
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
       - name: Set up Go 1.x
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v3
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
         with:
-          go-version: 1.18
+          go-version-file: go.mod
           check-latest: true
           cache: true
         id: go
@@ -40,20 +40,20 @@ jobs:
         run: go test -race -coverprofile=coverage.txt -covermode=atomic ./...
 
       - name: Codecov
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v4
 
   test-win:
     name: Windows
     runs-on: windows-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout codebase
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
       - name: Set up Go 1.x
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v3
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
         with:
-          # use 1.18 to guarantee Go 1.18 compatibility
+          # make sure Go version compatible with go-zero
-          go-version: 1.18
+          go-version-file: go.mod
           check-latest: true
           cache: true
 

.github/workflows/issues.yml

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ jobs:
   close-issues:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/stale@v6
+      - uses: actions/stale@v9
         with:
           days-before-issue-stale: 365
           days-before-issue-close: 90

.github/workflows/release.yaml

@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ jobs:
           - goarch: "386"
             goos: darwin
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: zeromicro/go-zero-release-action@master
         with:
           github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
           goos: ${{ matrix.goos }}
           goarch: ${{ matrix.goarch }}
-          goversion: "https://dl.google.com/go/go1.18.10.linux-amd64.tar.gz"
+          goversion: "https://dl.google.com/go/go1.20.14.linux-amd64.tar.gz"
           project_path: "tools/goctl"
           binary_name: "goctl"
           extra_files: tools/goctl/readme.md tools/goctl/readme-cn.md

.github/workflows/reviewdog.yml

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ jobs:
     name: runner / staticcheck
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: reviewdog/action-staticcheck@v1
         with:
           github_token: ${{ secrets.github_token }}

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,102 +1,76 @@
-# Contributing
+# 🚀 Contributing to go-zero
 
-Welcome to go-zero!
+Welcome to the go-zero community! We're thrilled to have you here. Contributing to our project is a fantastic way to be a part of the go-zero journey. Let's make this guide exciting and fun!
 
--   [Before you get started](#before-you-get-started)
+## 📜 Before You Dive In
-    -   [Code of Conduct](#code-of-conduct)
-    -   [Community Expectations](#community-expectations)
--   [Getting started](#getting-started)
--   [Your First Contribution](#your-first-contribution)
-    -   [Find something to work on](#find-something-to-work-on)
-        -   [Find a good first topic](#find-a-good-first-topic)
-        -   [Work on an Issue](#work-on-an-issue)
-        -   [File an Issue](#file-an-issue)
--   [Contributor Workflow](#contributor-workflow)
-    -   [Creating Pull Requests](#creating-pull-requests)
-    -   [Code Review](#code-review)
-    -   [Testing](#testing)
 
-# Before you get started
+### 🤝 Code of Conduct
 
-## Code of Conduct
+Let's start on the right foot. Please take a moment to read and embrace our [Code of Conduct](/code-of-conduct.md). We're all about creating a welcoming and respectful environment.
 
-Please make sure to read and observe our [Code of Conduct](/code-of-conduct.md).
+### 🌟 Community Expectations
 
-## Community Expectations
+At go-zero, we're like a close-knit family, and we believe in creating a healthy, friendly, and productive atmosphere. It's all about sharing knowledge and building amazing things together.
 
-go-zero is a community project driven by its community which strives to promote a healthy, friendly and productive environment.
+## 🚀 Getting Started
-go-zero is a web and rpc framework written in Go. It's born to ensure the stability of the busy sites with resilient design. Builtin goctl greatly improves the development productivity.
 
-# Getting started
+Get your adventure rolling! Here's how to begin:
 
-- Fork the repository on GitHub.
+1. 🍴 **Fork the Repository**: Head over to the GitHub repository and fork it to your own space.
-- Make your changes on your fork repository.
-- Submit a PR.
 
+2. 🛠️ **Make Your Magic**: Work your magic in your forked repository. Create new features, squash bugs, or improve documentation - it's your world to conquer!
 
-# Your First Contribution
+3. 🚀 **Submit a PR (Pull Request)**: When you're ready to unveil your creation, submit a Pull Request. We can't wait to see your awesome work!
 
-We will help you to contribute in different areas like filing issues, developing features, fixing critical bugs and
+## 🌟 Your First Contribution
-getting your work reviewed and merged.
 
-If you have questions about the development process,
+We're here to guide you on your quest to become a go-zero contributor. Whether you want to file issues, develop features, or tame some critical bugs, we've got you covered.
-feel free to [file an issue](https://github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/issues/new/choose).
 
-## Find something to work on
+If you have questions or need guidance at any stage, don't hesitate to [open an issue](https://github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/issues/new/choose).
 
-We are always in need of help, be it fixing documentation, reporting bugs or writing some code.
+## 🔍 Find Something to Work On
-Look at places where you feel best coding practices aren't followed, code refactoring is needed or tests are missing.
-Here is how you get started.
 
-### Find a good first topic
+Ready to dive into the action? There are several ways to contribute:
 
-[go-zero](https://github.com/zeromicro/go-zero) has beginner-friendly issues that provide a good first issue.
+### 💼 Find a Good First Topic
-For example, [go-zero](https://github.com/zeromicro/go-zero) has
-[help wanted](https://github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22) and
-[good first issue](https://github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22)
-labels for issues that should not need deep knowledge of the system.
-We can help new contributors who wish to work on such issues.
 
-Another good way to contribute is to find a documentation improvement, such as a missing/broken link.
+Discover easy-entry issues labeled as [help wanted](https://github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22) or [good first issue](https://github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22). These issues are perfect for newcomers and don't require deep knowledge of the system. We're here to assist you with these tasks.
-Please see [Contributing](#contributing) below for the workflow.
 
-#### Work on an issue
+### 🪄 Work on an Issue
 
-When you are willing to take on an issue, just reply on the issue. The maintainer will assign it to you.
+Once you've picked an issue that excites you, let us know by commenting on it. Our maintainers will assign it to you, and you can embark on your mission!
 
-### File an Issue
+### 📢 File an Issue
 
-While we encourage everyone to contribute code, it is also appreciated when someone reports an issue.
+Reporting an issue is just as valuable as code contributions. If you discover a problem, don't hesitate to [open an issue](https://github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/issues/new/choose). Be sure to follow our guidelines when submitting an issue.
 
-Please follow the prompted submission guidelines while opening an issue.
+## 🎯 Contributor Workflow
 
-# Contributor Workflow
+Here's a rough guide to your contributor journey:
 
-Please do not ever hesitate to ask a question or send a pull request.
+1. 🌱 Create a New Branch: Start by creating a topic branch, usually based on the 'master' branch. This is where your contribution will grow.
 
-This is a rough outline of what a contributor's workflow looks like:
+2. 💡 Make Commits: Commit your work in logical units. Each commit should tell a story.
 
-- Create a topic branch from where to base the contribution. This is usually master.
+3. 🚀 Push Changes: Push the changes in your topic branch to your personal fork of the repository.
-- Make commits of logical units.
-- Push changes in a topic branch to a personal fork of the repository.
-- Submit a pull request to [go-zero](https://github.com/zeromicro/go-zero).
 
-## Creating Pull Requests
+4. 📦 Submit a Pull Request: When your creation is complete, submit a Pull Request to the [go-zero repository](https://github.com/zeromicro/go-zero).
 
-Pull requests are often called simply "PR".
+## 🌠 Creating Pull Requests
-go-zero generally follows the standard [github pull request](https://help.github.com/articles/about-pull-requests/) process.
-To submit a proposed change, please develop the code/fix and add new test cases.
-After that, run these local verifications before submitting pull request to predict the pass or
-fail of continuous integration.
 
-* Format the code with `gofmt`
+Pull Requests (PRs) are your way of making a grand entrance with your contribution. Here's how to do it:
-* Run the test with data race enabled `go test -race ./...`
 
-## Code Review
+- 💼 Format Your Code: Ensure your code is beautifully formatted with `gofmt`.
+- 🏃 Run Tests: Verify that your changes pass all the tests, including data race tests. Run `go test -race ./...` for the ultimate validation.
 
-To make it easier for your PR to receive reviews, consider the reviewers will need you to:
+## 👁️‍🗨️ Code Review
 
-* follow [good coding guidelines](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/CodeReviewComments).
+Getting your PR reviewed is the final step before your contribution becomes part of go-zero's magical world. To make the process smooth, keep these things in mind:
-* write [good commit messages](https://chris.beams.io/posts/git-commit/).
-* break large changes into a logical series of smaller patches which individually make easily understandable changes, and in aggregate solve a broader issue.
 
+- 🧙‍♀️ Follow Good Coding Practices: Stick to [good coding guidelines](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/CodeReviewComments).
+- 📝 Write Awesome Commit Messages: Craft [impressive commit messages](https://chris.beams.io/posts/git-commit/) - they're like spells in the wizard's book!
+- 🔍 Break It Down: For larger changes, consider breaking them into a series of smaller, logical patches. Each patch should make an understandable and meaningful improvement.
+
+Congratulations on your contribution journey! We're thrilled to have you as part of our go-zero community. Let's make amazing things together! 🌟
+
+Now, go out there and start your adventure! If you have any more magical ideas to enhance this guide, please share them. 🔥

SECURITY.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Security Policy
+
+## Supported Versions
+
+We publish releases monthly.
+
+| Version  | Supported          |
+| -------  | ------------------ |
+| >= 1.4.4 | :white_check_mark: |
+| < 1.4.4  | :x:                |
+
+## Reporting a Vulnerability
+
+https://github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/security/advisories
+
+Accepted vulnerabilities are expected to be fixed within a month.

code-of-conduct.md

@@ -1,76 +1,127 @@
+
 # Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct
 
 ## Our Pledge
 
-In the interest of fostering an open and welcoming environment, we as
+We as members, contributors, and leaders pledge to make participation in our
-contributors and maintainers pledge to make participation in our project and
+community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body
-our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body
+size, visible or invisible disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender
-size, disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender identity and expression,
+identity and expression, level of experience, education, socio-economic status,
-level of experience, education, socio-economic status, nationality, personal
+nationality, personal appearance, race, caste, color, religion, or sexual
-appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.
+identity and orientation.
+
+We pledge to act and interact in ways that contribute to an open, welcoming,
+diverse, inclusive, and healthy community.
 
 ## Our Standards
 
-Examples of behavior that contributes to creating a positive environment
+Examples of behavior that contributes to a positive environment for our
-include:
+community include:
 
-* Using welcoming and inclusive language
+* Demonstrating empathy and kindness toward other people
-* Being respectful of differing viewpoints and experiences
+* Being respectful of differing opinions, viewpoints, and experiences
-* Gracefully accepting constructive criticism
+* Giving and gracefully accepting constructive feedback
-* Focusing on what is best for the community
+* Accepting responsibility and apologizing to those affected by our mistakes,
-* Showing empathy towards other community members
+  and learning from the experience
+* Focusing on what is best not just for us as individuals, but for the overall
+  community
 
-Examples of unacceptable behavior by participants include:
+Examples of unacceptable behavior include:
 
-* The use of sexualized language or imagery and unwelcome sexual attention or
+* The use of sexualized language or imagery, and sexual attention or advances of
-  advances
+  any kind
-* Trolling, insulting/derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
+* Trolling, insulting or derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
 * Public or private harassment
-* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or electronic
+* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or email address,
-  address, without explicit permission
+  without their explicit permission
 * Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a
   professional setting
 
-## Our Responsibilities
+## Enforcement Responsibilities
 
-Project maintainers are responsible for clarifying the standards of acceptable
+Community leaders are responsible for clarifying and enforcing our standards of
-behavior and are expected to take appropriate and fair corrective action in
+acceptable behavior and will take appropriate and fair corrective action in
-response to any instances of unacceptable behavior.
+response to any behavior that they deem inappropriate, threatening, offensive,
+or harmful.
 
-Project maintainers have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or
+Community leaders have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject
-reject comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions
+comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are
-that are not aligned to this Code of Conduct, or to ban temporarily or
+not aligned to this Code of Conduct, and will communicate reasons for moderation
-permanently any contributor for other behaviors that they deem inappropriate,
+decisions when appropriate.
-threatening, offensive, or harmful.
 
 ## Scope
 
-This Code of Conduct applies within all project spaces, and it also applies when
+This Code of Conduct applies within all community spaces, and also applies when
-an individual is representing the project or its community in public spaces.
+an individual is officially representing the community in public spaces.
-Examples of representing a project or community include using an official
+Examples of representing our community include using an official e-mail address,
-project e-mail address, posting via an official social media account, or acting
+posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed
-as an appointed representative at an online or offline event. Representation of
+representative at an online or offline event.
-a project may be further defined and clarified by project maintainers.
 
 ## Enforcement
 
 Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be
-reported by contacting the project team at [INSERT EMAIL ADDRESS]. All
+reported to the community leaders responsible for enforcement at
-complaints will be reviewed and investigated and will result in a response that
+[INSERT CONTACT METHOD].
-is deemed necessary and appropriate to the circumstances. The project team is
+All complaints will be reviewed and investigated promptly and fairly.
-obligated to maintain confidentiality with regard to the reporter of an incident.
-Further details of specific enforcement policies may be posted separately.
 
-Project maintainers who do not follow or enforce the Code of Conduct in good
+All community leaders are obligated to respect the privacy and security of the
-faith may face temporary or permanent repercussions as determined by other
+reporter of any incident.
-members of the project's leadership.
+
+## Enforcement Guidelines
+
+Community leaders will follow these Community Impact Guidelines in determining
+the consequences for any action they deem in violation of this Code of Conduct:
+
+### 1. Correction
+
+**Community Impact**: Use of inappropriate language or other behavior deemed
+unprofessional or unwelcome in the community.
+
+**Consequence**: A private, written warning from community leaders, providing
+clarity around the nature of the violation and an explanation of why the
+behavior was inappropriate. A public apology may be requested.
+
+### 2. Warning
+
+**Community Impact**: A violation through a single incident or series of
+actions.
+
+**Consequence**: A warning with consequences for continued behavior. No
+interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction with
+those enforcing the Code of Conduct, for a specified period of time. This
+includes avoiding interactions in community spaces as well as external channels
+like social media. Violating these terms may lead to a temporary or permanent
+ban.
+
+### 3. Temporary Ban
+
+**Community Impact**: A serious violation of community standards, including
+sustained inappropriate behavior.
+
+**Consequence**: A temporary ban from any sort of interaction or public
+communication with the community for a specified period of time. No public or
+private interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction
+with those enforcing the Code of Conduct, is allowed during this period.
+Violating these terms may lead to a permanent ban.
+
+### 4. Permanent Ban
+
+**Community Impact**: Demonstrating a pattern of violation of community
+standards, including sustained inappropriate behavior, harassment of an
+individual, or aggression toward or disparagement of classes of individuals.
+
+**Consequence**: A permanent ban from any sort of public interaction within the
+community.
 
 ## Attribution
 
-This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage], version 1.4,
+This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage],
-available at https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/code-of-conduct.html
+version 2.1, available at
+[https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/2/1/code_of_conduct.html][v2.1].
 
-[homepage]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org
+Community Impact Guidelines were inspired by
+[Mozilla's code of conduct enforcement ladder][Mozilla CoC].
 
-For answers to common questions about this code of conduct, see
+For answers to common questions about this code of conduct, see the FAQ at
-https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq
+[https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq][FAQ]. Translations are available at
+[https://www.contributor-covenant.org/translations][translations].

core/bloom/bloom.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package bloom
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	_ "embed"
 	"errors"
 	"strconv"
 
@@ -17,19 +18,13 @@ var (
 	// ErrTooLargeOffset indicates the offset is too large in bitset.
 	ErrTooLargeOffset = errors.New("too large offset")
 
-	setScript = redis.NewScript(`
+	//go:embed setscript.lua
-for _, offset in ipairs(ARGV) do
+	setLuaScript string
-	redis.call("setbit", KEYS[1], offset, 1)
+	setScript    = redis.NewScript(setLuaScript)
-end
+
-`)
+	//go:embed testscript.lua
-	testScript = redis.NewScript(`
+	testLuaScript string
-for _, offset in ipairs(ARGV) do
+	testScript    = redis.NewScript(testLuaScript)
-	if tonumber(redis.call("getbit", KEYS[1], offset)) == 0 then
-		return false
-	end
-end
-return true
-`)
 )
 
 type (
@@ -110,7 +105,7 @@ func newRedisBitSet(store *redis.Redis, key string, bits uint) *redisBitSet {
 }
 
 func (r *redisBitSet) buildOffsetArgs(offsets []uint) ([]string, error) {
-	var args []string
+	args := make([]string, 0, len(offsets))
 
 	for _, offset := range offsets {
 		if offset >= r.bits {
@@ -130,7 +125,7 @@ func (r *redisBitSet) check(ctx context.Context, offsets []uint) (bool, error) {
 	}
 
 	resp, err := r.store.ScriptRunCtx(ctx, testScript, []string{r.key}, args)
-	if err == redis.Nil {
+	if errors.Is(err, redis.Nil) {
 		return false, nil
 	} else if err != nil {
 		return false, err
@@ -162,7 +157,7 @@ func (r *redisBitSet) set(ctx context.Context, offsets []uint) error {
 	}
 
 	_, err = r.store.ScriptRunCtx(ctx, setScript, []string{r.key}, args)
-	if err == redis.Nil {
+	if errors.Is(err, redis.Nil) {
 		return nil
 	}
 

core/bloom/setscript.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+for _, offset in ipairs(ARGV) do
+    redis.call("setbit", KEYS[1], offset, 1)
+end

core/bloom/testscript.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+for _, offset in ipairs(ARGV) do
+    if tonumber(redis.call("getbit", KEYS[1], offset)) == 0 then
+        return false
+    end
+end
+return true

core/breaker/breaker.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package breaker
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
@@ -31,38 +32,53 @@ type (
 		Name() string
 
 		// Allow checks if the request is allowed.
-		// If allowed, a promise will be returned, the caller needs to call promise.Accept()
+		// If allowed, a promise will be returned,
-		// on success, or call promise.Reject() on failure.
+		// otherwise ErrServiceUnavailable will be returned as the error.
-		// If not allow, ErrServiceUnavailable will be returned.
+		// The caller needs to call promise.Accept() on success,
+		// or call promise.Reject() on failure.
 		Allow() (Promise, error)
+		// AllowCtx checks if the request is allowed when ctx isn't done.
+		AllowCtx(ctx context.Context) (Promise, error)
 
 		// Do runs the given request if the Breaker accepts it.
 		// Do returns an error instantly if the Breaker rejects the request.
 		// If a panic occurs in the request, the Breaker handles it as an error
 		// and causes the same panic again.
 		Do(req func() error) error
+		// DoCtx runs the given request if the Breaker accepts it when ctx isn't done.
+		DoCtx(ctx context.Context, req func() error) error
 
 		// DoWithAcceptable runs the given request if the Breaker accepts it.
 		// DoWithAcceptable returns an error instantly if the Breaker rejects the request.
 		// If a panic occurs in the request, the Breaker handles it as an error
 		// and causes the same panic again.
-		// acceptable checks if it's a successful call, even if the err is not nil.
+		// acceptable checks if it's a successful call, even if the error is not nil.
 		DoWithAcceptable(req func() error, acceptable Acceptable) error
+		// DoWithAcceptableCtx runs the given request if the Breaker accepts it when ctx isn't done.
+		DoWithAcceptableCtx(ctx context.Context, req func() error, acceptable Acceptable) error
 
 		// DoWithFallback runs the given request if the Breaker accepts it.
 		// DoWithFallback runs the fallback if the Breaker rejects the request.
 		// If a panic occurs in the request, the Breaker handles it as an error
 		// and causes the same panic again.
-		DoWithFallback(req func() error, fallback func(err error) error) error
+		DoWithFallback(req func() error, fallback Fallback) error
+		// DoWithFallbackCtx runs the given request if the Breaker accepts it when ctx isn't done.
+		DoWithFallbackCtx(ctx context.Context, req func() error, fallback Fallback) error
 
 		// DoWithFallbackAcceptable runs the given request if the Breaker accepts it.
 		// DoWithFallbackAcceptable runs the fallback if the Breaker rejects the request.
 		// If a panic occurs in the request, the Breaker handles it as an error
 		// and causes the same panic again.
-		// acceptable checks if it's a successful call, even if the err is not nil.
+		// acceptable checks if it's a successful call, even if the error is not nil.
-		DoWithFallbackAcceptable(req func() error, fallback func(err error) error, acceptable Acceptable) error
+		DoWithFallbackAcceptable(req func() error, fallback Fallback, acceptable Acceptable) error
+		// DoWithFallbackAcceptableCtx runs the given request if the Breaker accepts it when ctx isn't done.
+		DoWithFallbackAcceptableCtx(ctx context.Context, req func() error, fallback Fallback,
+			acceptable Acceptable) error
 	}
 
+	// Fallback is the func to be called if the request is rejected.
+	Fallback func(err error) error
+
 	// Option defines the method to customize a Breaker.
 	Option func(breaker *circuitBreaker)
 
@@ -86,12 +102,12 @@ type (
 
 	internalThrottle interface {
 		allow() (internalPromise, error)
-		doReq(req func() error, fallback func(err error) error, acceptable Acceptable) error
+		doReq(req func() error, fallback Fallback, acceptable Acceptable) error
 	}
 
 	throttle interface {
 		allow() (Promise, error)
-		doReq(req func() error, fallback func(err error) error, acceptable Acceptable) error
+		doReq(req func() error, fallback Fallback, acceptable Acceptable) error
 	}
 )
 
@@ -114,23 +130,71 @@ func (cb *circuitBreaker) Allow() (Promise, error) {
 	return cb.throttle.allow()
 }
 
+func (cb *circuitBreaker) AllowCtx(ctx context.Context) (Promise, error) {
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return nil, ctx.Err()
+	default:
+		return cb.Allow()
+	}
+}
+
 func (cb *circuitBreaker) Do(req func() error) error {
 	return cb.throttle.doReq(req, nil, defaultAcceptable)
 }
 
+func (cb *circuitBreaker) DoCtx(ctx context.Context, req func() error) error {
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	default:
+		return cb.Do(req)
+	}
+}
+
 func (cb *circuitBreaker) DoWithAcceptable(req func() error, acceptable Acceptable) error {
 	return cb.throttle.doReq(req, nil, acceptable)
 }
 
-func (cb *circuitBreaker) DoWithFallback(req func() error, fallback func(err error) error) error {
+func (cb *circuitBreaker) DoWithAcceptableCtx(ctx context.Context, req func() error,
+	acceptable Acceptable) error {
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	default:
+		return cb.DoWithAcceptable(req, acceptable)
+	}
+}
+
+func (cb *circuitBreaker) DoWithFallback(req func() error, fallback Fallback) error {
 	return cb.throttle.doReq(req, fallback, defaultAcceptable)
 }
 
-func (cb *circuitBreaker) DoWithFallbackAcceptable(req func() error, fallback func(err error) error,
+func (cb *circuitBreaker) DoWithFallbackCtx(ctx context.Context, req func() error,
+	fallback Fallback) error {
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	default:
+		return cb.DoWithFallback(req, fallback)
+	}
+}
+
+func (cb *circuitBreaker) DoWithFallbackAcceptable(req func() error, fallback Fallback,
 	acceptable Acceptable) error {
 	return cb.throttle.doReq(req, fallback, acceptable)
 }
 
+func (cb *circuitBreaker) DoWithFallbackAcceptableCtx(ctx context.Context, req func() error,
+	fallback Fallback, acceptable Acceptable) error {
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	default:
+		return cb.DoWithFallbackAcceptable(req, fallback, acceptable)
+	}
+}
+
 func (cb *circuitBreaker) Name() string {
 	return cb.name
 }
@@ -168,7 +232,7 @@ func (lt loggedThrottle) allow() (Promise, error) {
 	}, lt.logError(err)
 }
 
-func (lt loggedThrottle) doReq(req func() error, fallback func(err error) error, acceptable Acceptable) error {
+func (lt loggedThrottle) doReq(req func() error, fallback Fallback, acceptable Acceptable) error {
 	return lt.logError(lt.internalThrottle.doReq(req, fallback, func(err error) bool {
 		accept := acceptable(err)
 		if !accept && err != nil {
@@ -179,7 +243,7 @@ func (lt loggedThrottle) doReq(req func() error, fallback func(err error) error,
 }
 
 func (lt loggedThrottle) logError(err error) error {
-	if err == ErrServiceUnavailable {
+	if errors.Is(err, ErrServiceUnavailable) {
 		// if circuit open, not possible to have empty error window
 		stat.Report(fmt.Sprintf(
 			"proc(%s/%d), callee: %s, breaker is open and requests dropped\nlast errors:\n%s",
@@ -205,7 +269,7 @@ func (ew *errorWindow) add(reason string) {
 }
 
 func (ew *errorWindow) String() string {
-	var reasons []string
+	reasons := make([]string, 0, ew.count)
 
 	ew.lock.Lock()
 	// reverse order

core/breaker/breaker_test.go

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 package breaker
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/stat"
@@ -16,10 +18,274 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 func TestCircuitBreaker_Allow(t *testing.T) {
-	b := NewBreaker()
+	t.Run("allow", func(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		b := NewBreaker()
-	_, err := b.Allow()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+		_, err := b.Allow()
+		assert.Nil(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("allow with ctx", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		_, err := b.AllowCtx(context.Background())
+		assert.Nil(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("allow with ctx timeout", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Microsecond)
+		defer cancel()
+		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
+		_, err := b.AllowCtx(ctx)
+		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, context.DeadlineExceeded)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("allow with ctx cancel", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
+			cancel()
+			_, err := b.AllowCtx(ctx)
+			assert.ErrorIs(t, err, context.Canceled)
+		}
+		_, err := b.AllowCtx(context.Background())
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCircuitBreaker_Do(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("do", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		err := b.Do(func() error {
+			return nil
+		})
+		assert.Nil(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("do with ctx", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		err := b.DoCtx(context.Background(), func() error {
+			return nil
+		})
+		assert.Nil(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("do with ctx timeout", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Microsecond)
+		defer cancel()
+		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
+		err := b.DoCtx(ctx, func() error {
+			return nil
+		})
+		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, context.DeadlineExceeded)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("do with ctx cancel", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
+			cancel()
+			err := b.DoCtx(ctx, func() error {
+				return nil
+			})
+			assert.ErrorIs(t, err, context.Canceled)
+		}
+		assert.NoError(t, b.DoCtx(context.Background(), func() error {
+			return nil
+		}))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCircuitBreaker_DoWithAcceptable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("doWithAcceptable", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		err := b.DoWithAcceptable(func() error {
+			return nil
+		}, func(err error) bool {
+			return true
+		})
+		assert.Nil(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("doWithAcceptable with ctx", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		err := b.DoWithAcceptableCtx(context.Background(), func() error {
+			return nil
+		}, func(err error) bool {
+			return true
+		})
+		assert.Nil(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("doWithAcceptable with ctx timeout", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Microsecond)
+		defer cancel()
+		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
+		err := b.DoWithAcceptableCtx(ctx, func() error {
+			return nil
+		}, func(err error) bool {
+			return true
+		})
+		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, context.DeadlineExceeded)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("doWithAcceptable with ctx cancel", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
+			cancel()
+			err := b.DoWithAcceptableCtx(ctx, func() error {
+				return nil
+			}, func(err error) bool {
+				return true
+			})
+			assert.ErrorIs(t, err, context.Canceled)
+		}
+		assert.NoError(t, b.DoWithAcceptableCtx(context.Background(), func() error {
+			return nil
+		}, func(err error) bool {
+			return true
+		}))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCircuitBreaker_DoWithFallback(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("doWithFallback", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		err := b.DoWithFallback(func() error {
+			return nil
+		}, func(err error) error {
+			return err
+		})
+		assert.Nil(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("doWithFallback with ctx", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		err := b.DoWithFallbackCtx(context.Background(), func() error {
+			return nil
+		}, func(err error) error {
+			return err
+		})
+		assert.Nil(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("doWithFallback with ctx timeout", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Microsecond)
+		defer cancel()
+		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
+		err := b.DoWithFallbackCtx(ctx, func() error {
+			return nil
+		}, func(err error) error {
+			return err
+		})
+		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, context.DeadlineExceeded)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("doWithFallback with ctx cancel", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
+			cancel()
+			err := b.DoWithFallbackCtx(ctx, func() error {
+				return nil
+			}, func(err error) error {
+				return err
+			})
+			assert.ErrorIs(t, err, context.Canceled)
+		}
+		assert.NoError(t, b.DoWithFallbackCtx(context.Background(), func() error {
+			return nil
+		}, func(err error) error {
+			return err
+		}))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCircuitBreaker_DoWithFallbackAcceptable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("doWithFallbackAcceptable", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		err := b.DoWithFallbackAcceptable(func() error {
+			return nil
+		}, func(err error) error {
+			return err
+		}, func(err error) bool {
+			return true
+		})
+		assert.Nil(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("doWithFallbackAcceptable with ctx", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		err := b.DoWithFallbackAcceptableCtx(context.Background(), func() error {
+			return nil
+		}, func(err error) error {
+			return err
+		}, func(err error) bool {
+			return true
+		})
+		assert.Nil(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("doWithFallbackAcceptable with ctx timeout", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Microsecond)
+		defer cancel()
+		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
+		err := b.DoWithFallbackAcceptableCtx(ctx, func() error {
+			return nil
+		}, func(err error) error {
+			return err
+		}, func(err error) bool {
+			return true
+		})
+		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, context.DeadlineExceeded)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("doWithFallbackAcceptable with ctx cancel", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := NewBreaker()
+		assert.True(t, len(b.Name()) > 0)
+		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
+			cancel()
+			err := b.DoWithFallbackAcceptableCtx(ctx, func() error {
+				return nil
+			}, func(err error) error {
+				return err
+			}, func(err error) bool {
+				return true
+			})
+			assert.ErrorIs(t, err, context.Canceled)
+		}
+		assert.NoError(t, b.DoWithFallbackAcceptableCtx(context.Background(), func() error {
+			return nil
+		}, func(err error) error {
+			return err
+		}, func(err error) bool {
+			return true
+		}))
+	})
 }
 
 func TestLogReason(t *testing.T) {

core/breaker/breakers.go

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 package breaker
 
-import "sync"
+import (
+	"context"
+	"sync"
+)
 
 var (
 	lock     sync.RWMutex
@@ -14,6 +17,13 @@ func Do(name string, req func() error) error {
 	})
 }
 
+// DoCtx calls Breaker.DoCtx on the Breaker with given name.
+func DoCtx(ctx context.Context, name string, req func() error) error {
+	return do(name, func(b Breaker) error {
+		return b.DoCtx(ctx, req)
+	})
+}
+
 // DoWithAcceptable calls Breaker.DoWithAcceptable on the Breaker with given name.
 func DoWithAcceptable(name string, req func() error, acceptable Acceptable) error {
 	return do(name, func(b Breaker) error {
@@ -21,21 +31,44 @@ func DoWithAcceptable(name string, req func() error, acceptable Acceptable) erro
 	})
 }
 
+// DoWithAcceptableCtx calls Breaker.DoWithAcceptableCtx on the Breaker with given name.
+func DoWithAcceptableCtx(ctx context.Context, name string, req func() error,
+	acceptable Acceptable) error {
+	return do(name, func(b Breaker) error {
+		return b.DoWithAcceptableCtx(ctx, req, acceptable)
+	})
+}
+
 // DoWithFallback calls Breaker.DoWithFallback on the Breaker with given name.
-func DoWithFallback(name string, req func() error, fallback func(err error) error) error {
+func DoWithFallback(name string, req func() error, fallback Fallback) error {
 	return do(name, func(b Breaker) error {
 		return b.DoWithFallback(req, fallback)
 	})
 }
 
+// DoWithFallbackCtx calls Breaker.DoWithFallbackCtx on the Breaker with given name.
+func DoWithFallbackCtx(ctx context.Context, name string, req func() error, fallback Fallback) error {
+	return do(name, func(b Breaker) error {
+		return b.DoWithFallbackCtx(ctx, req, fallback)
+	})
+}
+
 // DoWithFallbackAcceptable calls Breaker.DoWithFallbackAcceptable on the Breaker with given name.
-func DoWithFallbackAcceptable(name string, req func() error, fallback func(err error) error,
+func DoWithFallbackAcceptable(name string, req func() error, fallback Fallback,
 	acceptable Acceptable) error {
 	return do(name, func(b Breaker) error {
 		return b.DoWithFallbackAcceptable(req, fallback, acceptable)
 	})
 }
 
+// DoWithFallbackAcceptableCtx calls Breaker.DoWithFallbackAcceptableCtx on the Breaker with given name.
+func DoWithFallbackAcceptableCtx(ctx context.Context, name string, req func() error,
+	fallback Fallback, acceptable Acceptable) error {
+	return do(name, func(b Breaker) error {
+		return b.DoWithFallbackAcceptableCtx(ctx, req, fallback, acceptable)
+	})
+}
+
 // GetBreaker returns the Breaker with the given name.
 func GetBreaker(name string) Breaker {
 	lock.RLock()
@@ -59,7 +92,7 @@ func GetBreaker(name string) Breaker {
 // NoBreakerFor disables the circuit breaker for the given name.
 func NoBreakerFor(name string) {
 	lock.Lock()
-	breakers[name] = newNoOpBreaker()
+	breakers[name] = NopBreaker()
 	lock.Unlock()
 }
 

core/breaker/breakers_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package breaker
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"testing"
@@ -22,6 +23,9 @@ func TestBreakersDo(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, errDummy, Do("any", func() error {
 		return errDummy
 	}))
+	assert.Equal(t, errDummy, DoCtx(context.Background(), "any", func() error {
+		return errDummy
+	}))
 }
 
 func TestBreakersDoWithAcceptable(t *testing.T) {
@@ -30,7 +34,7 @@ func TestBreakersDoWithAcceptable(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.Equal(t, errDummy, GetBreaker("anyone").DoWithAcceptable(func() error {
 			return errDummy
 		}, func(err error) bool {
-			return err == nil || err == errDummy
+			return err == nil || errors.Is(err, errDummy)
 		}))
 	}
 	verify(t, func() bool {
@@ -38,6 +42,13 @@ func TestBreakersDoWithAcceptable(t *testing.T) {
 			return nil
 		}) == nil
 	})
+	verify(t, func() bool {
+		return DoWithAcceptableCtx(context.Background(), "anyone", func() error {
+			return nil
+		}, func(err error) bool {
+			return true
+		}) == nil
+	})
 
 	for i := 0; i < 10000; i++ {
 		err := DoWithAcceptable("another", func() error {
@@ -45,12 +56,12 @@ func TestBreakersDoWithAcceptable(t *testing.T) {
 		}, func(err error) bool {
 			return err == nil
 		})
-		assert.True(t, err == errDummy || err == ErrServiceUnavailable)
+		assert.True(t, errors.Is(err, errDummy) || errors.Is(err, ErrServiceUnavailable))
 	}
 	verify(t, func() bool {
-		return ErrServiceUnavailable == Do("another", func() error {
+		return errors.Is(Do("another", func() error {
 			return nil
-		})
+		}), ErrServiceUnavailable)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -75,18 +86,24 @@ func TestBreakersFallback(t *testing.T) {
 		}, func(err error) error {
 			return nil
 		})
-		assert.True(t, err == nil || err == errDummy)
+		assert.True(t, err == nil || errors.Is(err, errDummy))
-	}
+		err = DoWithFallbackCtx(context.Background(), "fallback", func() error {
-	verify(t, func() bool {
+			return errDummy
-		return ErrServiceUnavailable == Do("fallback", func() error {
+		}, func(err error) error {
 			return nil
 		})
+		assert.True(t, err == nil || errors.Is(err, errDummy))
+	}
+	verify(t, func() bool {
+		return errors.Is(Do("fallback", func() error {
+			return nil
+		}), ErrServiceUnavailable)
 	})
 }
 
 func TestBreakersAcceptableFallback(t *testing.T) {
 	errDummy := errors.New("any")
-	for i := 0; i < 10000; i++ {
+	for i := 0; i < 5000; i++ {
 		err := DoWithFallbackAcceptable("acceptablefallback", func() error {
 			return errDummy
 		}, func(err error) error {
@@ -94,12 +111,20 @@ func TestBreakersAcceptableFallback(t *testing.T) {
 		}, func(err error) bool {
 			return err == nil
 		})
-		assert.True(t, err == nil || err == errDummy)
+		assert.True(t, err == nil || errors.Is(err, errDummy))
+		err = DoWithFallbackAcceptableCtx(context.Background(), "acceptablefallback", func() error {
+			return errDummy
+		}, func(err error) error {
+			return nil
+		}, func(err error) bool {
+			return err == nil
+		})
+		assert.True(t, err == nil || errors.Is(err, errDummy))
 	}
 	verify(t, func() bool {
-		return ErrServiceUnavailable == Do("acceptablefallback", func() error {
+		return errors.Is(Do("acceptablefallback", func() error {
 			return nil
-		})
+		}), ErrServiceUnavailable)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -110,5 +135,5 @@ func verify(t *testing.T, fn func() bool) {
 			count++
 		}
 	}
-	assert.True(t, count >= 80, fmt.Sprintf("should be greater than 80, actual %d", count))
+	assert.True(t, count >= 75, fmt.Sprintf("should be greater than 75, actual %d", count))
 }

core/breaker/bucket.go

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package breaker
+
+const (
+	success = iota
+	fail
+	drop
+)
+
+// bucket defines the bucket that holds sum and num of additions.
+type bucket struct {
+	Sum     int64
+	Success int64
+	Failure int64
+	Drop    int64
+}
+
+func (b *bucket) Add(v int64) {
+	switch v {
+	case fail:
+		b.fail()
+	case drop:
+		b.drop()
+	default:
+		b.succeed()
+	}
+}
+
+func (b *bucket) Reset() {
+	b.Sum = 0
+	b.Success = 0
+	b.Failure = 0
+	b.Drop = 0
+}
+
+func (b *bucket) drop() {
+	b.Sum++
+	b.Drop++
+}
+
+func (b *bucket) fail() {
+	b.Sum++
+	b.Failure++
+}
+
+func (b *bucket) succeed() {
+	b.Sum++
+	b.Success++
+}

core/breaker/bucket_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package breaker
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestBucketAdd(t *testing.T) {
+	b := &bucket{}
+
+	// Test succeed
+	b.Add(0) // Using 0 for success
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), b.Sum, "Sum should be incremented")
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), b.Success, "Success should be incremented")
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.Failure, "Failure should not be incremented")
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.Drop, "Drop should not be incremented")
+
+	// Test failure
+	b.Add(fail)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(2), b.Sum, "Sum should be incremented")
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), b.Failure, "Failure should be incremented")
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.Drop, "Drop should not be incremented")
+
+	// Test drop
+	b.Add(drop)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(3), b.Sum, "Sum should be incremented")
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), b.Drop, "Drop should be incremented")
+}
+
+func TestBucketReset(t *testing.T) {
+	b := &bucket{
+		Sum:     3,
+		Success: 1,
+		Failure: 1,
+		Drop:    1,
+	}
+	b.Reset()
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.Sum, "Sum should be reset to 0")
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.Success, "Success should be reset to 0")
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.Failure, "Failure should be reset to 0")
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.Drop, "Drop should be reset to 0")
+}

core/breaker/googlebreaker.go

@@ -1,57 +1,87 @@
 package breaker
 
 import (
-	"math"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/collection"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/mathx"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/syncx"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/timex"
 )
 
 const (
 	// 250ms for bucket duration
-	window     = time.Second * 10
+	window            = time.Second * 10
-	buckets    = 40
+	buckets           = 40
-	k          = 1.5
+	forcePassDuration = time.Second
-	protection = 5
+	k                 = 1.5
+	minK              = 1.1
+	protection        = 5
 )
 
 // googleBreaker is a netflixBreaker pattern from google.
 // see Client-Side Throttling section in https://landing.google.com/sre/sre-book/chapters/handling-overload/
-type googleBreaker struct {
+type (
-	k     float64
+	googleBreaker struct {
-	stat  *collection.RollingWindow
+		k        float64
-	proba *mathx.Proba
+		stat     *collection.RollingWindow[int64, *bucket]
-}
+		proba    *mathx.Proba
+		lastPass *syncx.AtomicDuration
+	}
+
+	windowResult struct {
+		accepts        int64
+		total          int64
+		failingBuckets int64
+		workingBuckets int64
+	}
+)
 
 func newGoogleBreaker() *googleBreaker {
 	bucketDuration := time.Duration(int64(window) / int64(buckets))
-	st := collection.NewRollingWindow(buckets, bucketDuration)
+	st := collection.NewRollingWindow[int64, *bucket](func() *bucket {
+		return new(bucket)
+	}, buckets, bucketDuration)
 	return &googleBreaker{
-		stat:  st,
+		stat:     st,
-		k:     k,
+		k:        k,
-		proba: mathx.NewProba(),
+		proba:    mathx.NewProba(),
+		lastPass: syncx.NewAtomicDuration(),
 	}
 }
 
 func (b *googleBreaker) accept() error {
-	accepts, total := b.history()
+	var w float64
-	weightedAccepts := b.k * float64(accepts)
+	history := b.history()
+	w = b.k - (b.k-minK)*float64(history.failingBuckets)/buckets
+	weightedAccepts := mathx.AtLeast(w, minK) * float64(history.accepts)
 	// https://landing.google.com/sre/sre-book/chapters/handling-overload/#eq2101
-	dropRatio := math.Max(0, (float64(total-protection)-weightedAccepts)/float64(total+1))
+	// for better performance, no need to care about the negative ratio
+	dropRatio := (float64(history.total-protection) - weightedAccepts) / float64(history.total+1)
 	if dropRatio <= 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
 
+	lastPass := b.lastPass.Load()
+	if lastPass > 0 && timex.Since(lastPass) > forcePassDuration {
+		b.lastPass.Set(timex.Now())
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	dropRatio *= float64(buckets-history.workingBuckets) / buckets
+
 	if b.proba.TrueOnProba(dropRatio) {
 		return ErrServiceUnavailable
 	}
 
+	b.lastPass.Set(timex.Now())
+
 	return nil
 }
 
 func (b *googleBreaker) allow() (internalPromise, error) {
 	if err := b.accept(); err != nil {
+		b.markDrop()
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -60,8 +90,9 @@ func (b *googleBreaker) allow() (internalPromise, error) {
 	}, nil
 }
 
-func (b *googleBreaker) doReq(req func() error, fallback func(err error) error, acceptable Acceptable) error {
+func (b *googleBreaker) doReq(req func() error, fallback Fallback, acceptable Acceptable) error {
 	if err := b.accept(); err != nil {
+		b.markDrop()
 		if fallback != nil {
 			return fallback(err)
 		}
@@ -69,38 +100,55 @@ func (b *googleBreaker) doReq(req func() error, fallback func(err error) error,
 		return err
 	}
 
+	var succ bool
 	defer func() {
-		if e := recover(); e != nil {
+		// if req() panic, success is false, mark as failure
+		if succ {
+			b.markSuccess()
+		} else {
 			b.markFailure()
-			panic(e)
 		}
 	}()
 
 	err := req()
 	if acceptable(err) {
-		b.markSuccess()
+		succ = true
-	} else {
-		b.markFailure()
 	}
 
 	return err
 }
 
-func (b *googleBreaker) markSuccess() {
+func (b *googleBreaker) markDrop() {
-	b.stat.Add(1)
+	b.stat.Add(drop)
 }
 
 func (b *googleBreaker) markFailure() {
-	b.stat.Add(0)
+	b.stat.Add(fail)
 }
 
-func (b *googleBreaker) history() (accepts, total int64) {
+func (b *googleBreaker) markSuccess() {
-	b.stat.Reduce(func(b *collection.Bucket) {
+	b.stat.Add(success)
-		accepts += int64(b.Sum)
+}
-		total += b.Count
+
+func (b *googleBreaker) history() windowResult {
+	var result windowResult
+
+	b.stat.Reduce(func(b *bucket) {
+		result.accepts += b.Success
+		result.total += b.Sum
+		if b.Failure > 0 {
+			result.workingBuckets = 0
+		} else if b.Success > 0 {
+			result.workingBuckets++
+		}
+		if b.Success > 0 {
+			result.failingBuckets = 0
+		} else if b.Failure > 0 {
+			result.failingBuckets++
+		}
 	})
 
-	return
+	return result
 }
 
 type googlePromise struct {

core/breaker/googlebreaker_test.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/collection"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/mathx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/stat"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/syncx"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -22,11 +23,14 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 func getGoogleBreaker() *googleBreaker {
-	st := collection.NewRollingWindow(testBuckets, testInterval)
+	st := collection.NewRollingWindow[int64, *bucket](func() *bucket {
+		return new(bucket)
+	}, testBuckets, testInterval)
 	return &googleBreaker{
-		stat:  st,
+		stat:     st,
-		k:     5,
+		k:        5,
-		proba: mathx.NewProba(),
+		proba:    mathx.NewProba(),
+		lastPass: syncx.NewAtomicDuration(),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -63,6 +67,33 @@ func TestGoogleBreakerOpen(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestGoogleBreakerRecover(t *testing.T) {
+	st := collection.NewRollingWindow[int64, *bucket](func() *bucket {
+		return new(bucket)
+	}, testBuckets*2, testInterval)
+	b := &googleBreaker{
+		stat:     st,
+		k:        k,
+		proba:    mathx.NewProba(),
+		lastPass: syncx.NewAtomicDuration(),
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < testBuckets; i++ {
+		for j := 0; j < 100; j++ {
+			b.stat.Add(1)
+		}
+		time.Sleep(testInterval)
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < testBuckets; i++ {
+		for j := 0; j < 100; j++ {
+			b.stat.Add(0)
+		}
+		time.Sleep(testInterval)
+	}
+	verify(t, func() bool {
+		return b.accept() == nil
+	})
+}
+
 func TestGoogleBreakerFallback(t *testing.T) {
 	b := getGoogleBreaker()
 	markSuccess(b, 1)
@@ -89,13 +120,50 @@ func TestGoogleBreakerReject(t *testing.T) {
 	}, nil, defaultAcceptable))
 }
 
+func TestGoogleBreakerMoreFallingBuckets(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	t.Run("more falling buckets", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := getGoogleBreaker()
+
+		func() {
+			stopChan := time.After(testInterval * 6)
+			for {
+				time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
+				select {
+				case <-stopChan:
+					return
+				default:
+					assert.Error(t, b.doReq(func() error {
+						return errors.New("foo")
+					}, func(err error) error {
+						return err
+					}, func(err error) bool {
+						return err == nil
+					}))
+				}
+			}
+		}()
+
+		var count int
+		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+			if errors.Is(b.doReq(func() error {
+				return ErrServiceUnavailable
+			}, nil, defaultAcceptable), ErrServiceUnavailable) {
+				count++
+			}
+		}
+		assert.True(t, count > 90)
+	})
+}
+
 func TestGoogleBreakerAcceptable(t *testing.T) {
 	b := getGoogleBreaker()
 	errAcceptable := errors.New("any")
 	assert.Equal(t, errAcceptable, b.doReq(func() error {
 		return errAcceptable
 	}, nil, func(err error) bool {
-		return err == errAcceptable
+		return errors.Is(err, errAcceptable)
 	}))
 }
 
@@ -105,7 +173,7 @@ func TestGoogleBreakerNotAcceptable(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, errAcceptable, b.doReq(func() error {
 		return errAcceptable
 	}, nil, func(err error) bool {
-		return err != errAcceptable
+		return !errors.Is(err, errAcceptable)
 	}))
 }
 
@@ -164,41 +232,38 @@ func TestGoogleBreakerSelfProtection(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestGoogleBreakerHistory(t *testing.T) {
-	var b *googleBreaker
-	var accepts, total int64
-
 	sleep := testInterval
 	t.Run("accepts == total", func(t *testing.T) {
-		b = getGoogleBreaker()
+		b := getGoogleBreaker()
 		markSuccessWithDuration(b, 10, sleep/2)
-		accepts, total = b.history()
+		result := b.history()
-		assert.Equal(t, int64(10), accepts)
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(10), result.accepts)
-		assert.Equal(t, int64(10), total)
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(10), result.total)
 	})
 
 	t.Run("fail == total", func(t *testing.T) {
-		b = getGoogleBreaker()
+		b := getGoogleBreaker()
 		markFailedWithDuration(b, 10, sleep/2)
-		accepts, total = b.history()
+		result := b.history()
-		assert.Equal(t, int64(0), accepts)
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(0), result.accepts)
-		assert.Equal(t, int64(10), total)
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(10), result.total)
 	})
 
 	t.Run("accepts = 1/2 * total, fail = 1/2 * total", func(t *testing.T) {
-		b = getGoogleBreaker()
+		b := getGoogleBreaker()
 		markFailedWithDuration(b, 5, sleep/2)
 		markSuccessWithDuration(b, 5, sleep/2)
-		accepts, total = b.history()
+		result := b.history()
-		assert.Equal(t, int64(5), accepts)
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(5), result.accepts)
-		assert.Equal(t, int64(10), total)
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(10), result.total)
 	})
 
 	t.Run("auto reset rolling counter", func(t *testing.T) {
-		b = getGoogleBreaker()
+		b := getGoogleBreaker()
 		time.Sleep(testInterval * testBuckets)
-		accepts, total = b.history()
+		result := b.history()
-		assert.Equal(t, int64(0), accepts)
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(0), result.accepts)
-		assert.Equal(t, int64(0), total)
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(0), result.total)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -206,7 +271,7 @@ func BenchmarkGoogleBreakerAllow(b *testing.B) {
 	breaker := getGoogleBreaker()
 	b.ResetTimer()
 	for i := 0; i <= b.N; i++ {
-		breaker.accept()
+		_ = breaker.accept()
 		if i%2 == 0 {
 			breaker.markSuccess()
 		} else {
@@ -215,6 +280,16 @@ func BenchmarkGoogleBreakerAllow(b *testing.B) {
 	}
 }
 
+func BenchmarkGoogleBreakerDoReq(b *testing.B) {
+	breaker := getGoogleBreaker()
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i <= b.N; i++ {
+		_ = breaker.doReq(func() error {
+			return nil
+		}, nil, defaultAcceptable)
+	}
+}
+
 func markSuccess(b *googleBreaker, count int) {
 	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
 		p, err := b.allow()

core/breaker/nopbreaker.go

@@ -1,35 +1,58 @@
 package breaker
 
-const noOpBreakerName = "nopBreaker"
+import "context"
 
-type noOpBreaker struct{}
+const nopBreakerName = "nopBreaker"
 
-func newNoOpBreaker() Breaker {
+type nopBreaker struct{}
-	return noOpBreaker{}
+
+// NopBreaker returns a breaker that never trigger breaker circuit.
+func NopBreaker() Breaker {
+	return nopBreaker{}
 }
 
-func (b noOpBreaker) Name() string {
+func (b nopBreaker) Name() string {
-	return noOpBreakerName
+	return nopBreakerName
 }
 
-func (b noOpBreaker) Allow() (Promise, error) {
+func (b nopBreaker) Allow() (Promise, error) {
 	return nopPromise{}, nil
 }
 
-func (b noOpBreaker) Do(req func() error) error {
+func (b nopBreaker) AllowCtx(_ context.Context) (Promise, error) {
+	return nopPromise{}, nil
+}
+
+func (b nopBreaker) Do(req func() error) error {
 	return req()
 }
 
-func (b noOpBreaker) DoWithAcceptable(req func() error, _ Acceptable) error {
+func (b nopBreaker) DoCtx(_ context.Context, req func() error) error {
 	return req()
 }
 
-func (b noOpBreaker) DoWithFallback(req func() error, _ func(err error) error) error {
+func (b nopBreaker) DoWithAcceptable(req func() error, _ Acceptable) error {
 	return req()
 }
 
-func (b noOpBreaker) DoWithFallbackAcceptable(req func() error, _ func(err error) error,
+func (b nopBreaker) DoWithAcceptableCtx(_ context.Context, req func() error, _ Acceptable) error {
-	_ Acceptable) error {
+	return req()
+}
+
+func (b nopBreaker) DoWithFallback(req func() error, _ Fallback) error {
+	return req()
+}
+
+func (b nopBreaker) DoWithFallbackCtx(_ context.Context, req func() error, _ Fallback) error {
+	return req()
+}
+
+func (b nopBreaker) DoWithFallbackAcceptable(req func() error, _ Fallback, _ Acceptable) error {
+	return req()
+}
+
+func (b nopBreaker) DoWithFallbackAcceptableCtx(_ context.Context, req func() error,
+	_ Fallback, _ Acceptable) error {
 	return req()
 }
 

core/breaker/nopbreaker_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package breaker
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -8,10 +9,12 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestNopBreaker(t *testing.T) {
-	b := newNoOpBreaker()
+	b := NopBreaker()
-	assert.Equal(t, noOpBreakerName, b.Name())
+	assert.Equal(t, nopBreakerName, b.Name())
 	p, err := b.Allow()
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	p, err = b.AllowCtx(context.Background())
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	p.Accept()
 	for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
 		p, err := b.Allow()
@@ -21,18 +24,34 @@ func TestNopBreaker(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Nil(t, b.Do(func() error {
 		return nil
 	}))
+	assert.Nil(t, b.DoCtx(context.Background(), func() error {
+		return nil
+	}))
 	assert.Nil(t, b.DoWithAcceptable(func() error {
 		return nil
 	}, defaultAcceptable))
+	assert.Nil(t, b.DoWithAcceptableCtx(context.Background(), func() error {
+		return nil
+	}, defaultAcceptable))
 	errDummy := errors.New("any")
 	assert.Equal(t, errDummy, b.DoWithFallback(func() error {
 		return errDummy
 	}, func(err error) error {
 		return nil
 	}))
+	assert.Equal(t, errDummy, b.DoWithFallbackCtx(context.Background(), func() error {
+		return errDummy
+	}, func(err error) error {
+		return nil
+	}))
 	assert.Equal(t, errDummy, b.DoWithFallbackAcceptable(func() error {
 		return errDummy
 	}, func(err error) error {
 		return nil
 	}, defaultAcceptable))
+	assert.Equal(t, errDummy, b.DoWithFallbackAcceptableCtx(context.Background(), func() error {
+		return errDummy
+	}, func(err error) error {
+		return nil
+	}, defaultAcceptable))
 }

core/codec/dh.go

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ var (
 	zero = big.NewInt(0)
 )
 
-// DhKey defines the Diffie Hellman key.
+// DhKey defines the Diffie-Hellman key.
 type DhKey struct {
 	PriKey *big.Int
 	PubKey *big.Int
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ func ComputeKey(pubKey, priKey *big.Int) (*big.Int, error) {
 	return new(big.Int).Exp(pubKey, priKey, p), nil
 }
 
-// GenerateKey returns a Diffie Hellman key.
+// GenerateKey returns a Diffie-Hellman key.
 func GenerateKey() (*DhKey, error) {
 	var err error
 	var x *big.Int

core/collection/cache.go

@@ -128,8 +128,8 @@ func (c *Cache) Take(key string, fetch func() (any, error)) (any, error) {
 
 	var fresh bool
 	val, err := c.barrier.Do(key, func() (any, error) {
-		// because O(1) on map search in memory, and fetch is an IO query
+		// because O(1) on map search in memory, and fetch is an IO query,
-		// so we do double check, cache might be taken by another call
+		// so we do double-check, cache might be taken by another call
 		if val, ok := c.doGet(key); ok {
 			return val, nil
 		}

core/collection/ring.go

@@ -25,8 +25,14 @@ func (r *Ring) Add(v any) {
 	r.lock.Lock()
 	defer r.lock.Unlock()
 
-	r.elements[r.index%len(r.elements)] = v
+	rlen := len(r.elements)
+	r.elements[r.index%rlen] = v
 	r.index++
+
+	// prevent ring index overflow
+	if r.index >= rlen<<1 {
+		r.index -= rlen
+	}
 }
 
 // Take takes all items from r.
@@ -36,16 +42,18 @@ func (r *Ring) Take() []any {
 
 	var size int
 	var start int
-	if r.index > len(r.elements) {
+	rlen := len(r.elements)
-		size = len(r.elements)
+
-		start = r.index % len(r.elements)
+	if r.index > rlen {
+		size = rlen
+		start = r.index % rlen
 	} else {
 		size = r.index
 	}
 
 	elements := make([]any, size)
 	for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
-		elements[i] = r.elements[(start+i)%len(r.elements)]
+		elements[i] = r.elements[(start+i)%rlen]
 	}
 
 	return elements

core/collection/rollingwindow.go

@@ -4,18 +4,28 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/mathx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/timex"
 )
 
 type (
-	// RollingWindowOption let callers customize the RollingWindow.
+	// BucketInterface is the interface that defines the buckets.
-	RollingWindowOption func(rollingWindow *RollingWindow)
+	BucketInterface[T Numerical] interface {
+		Add(v T)
+		Reset()
+	}
 
-	// RollingWindow defines a rolling window to calculate the events in buckets with time interval.
+	// Numerical is the interface that restricts the numerical type.
-	RollingWindow struct {
+	Numerical = mathx.Numerical
+
+	// RollingWindowOption let callers customize the RollingWindow.
+	RollingWindowOption[T Numerical, B BucketInterface[T]] func(rollingWindow *RollingWindow[T, B])
+
+	// RollingWindow defines a rolling window to calculate the events in buckets with the time interval.
+	RollingWindow[T Numerical, B BucketInterface[T]] struct {
 		lock          sync.RWMutex
 		size          int
-		win           *window
+		win           *window[T, B]
 		interval      time.Duration
 		offset        int
 		ignoreCurrent bool
@@ -25,14 +35,15 @@ type (
 
 // NewRollingWindow returns a RollingWindow that with size buckets and time interval,
 // use opts to customize the RollingWindow.
-func NewRollingWindow(size int, interval time.Duration, opts ...RollingWindowOption) *RollingWindow {
+func NewRollingWindow[T Numerical, B BucketInterface[T]](newBucket func() B, size int,
+	interval time.Duration, opts ...RollingWindowOption[T, B]) *RollingWindow[T, B] {
 	if size < 1 {
 		panic("size must be greater than 0")
 	}
 
-	w := &RollingWindow{
+	w := &RollingWindow[T, B]{
 		size:     size,
-		win:      newWindow(size),
+		win:      newWindow[T, B](newBucket, size),
 		interval: interval,
 		lastTime: timex.Now(),
 	}
@@ -43,7 +54,7 @@ func NewRollingWindow(size int, interval time.Duration, opts ...RollingWindowOpt
 }
 
 // Add adds value to current bucket.
-func (rw *RollingWindow) Add(v float64) {
+func (rw *RollingWindow[T, B]) Add(v T) {
 	rw.lock.Lock()
 	defer rw.lock.Unlock()
 	rw.updateOffset()
@@ -51,13 +62,13 @@ func (rw *RollingWindow) Add(v float64) {
 }
 
 // Reduce runs fn on all buckets, ignore current bucket if ignoreCurrent was set.
-func (rw *RollingWindow) Reduce(fn func(b *Bucket)) {
+func (rw *RollingWindow[T, B]) Reduce(fn func(b B)) {
 	rw.lock.RLock()
 	defer rw.lock.RUnlock()
 
 	var diff int
 	span := rw.span()
-	// ignore current bucket, because of partial data
+	// ignore the current bucket, because of partial data
 	if span == 0 && rw.ignoreCurrent {
 		diff = rw.size - 1
 	} else {
@@ -69,7 +80,7 @@ func (rw *RollingWindow) Reduce(fn func(b *Bucket)) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (rw *RollingWindow) span() int {
+func (rw *RollingWindow[T, B]) span() int {
 	offset := int(timex.Since(rw.lastTime) / rw.interval)
 	if 0 <= offset && offset < rw.size {
 		return offset
@@ -78,7 +89,7 @@ func (rw *RollingWindow) span() int {
 	return rw.size
 }
 
-func (rw *RollingWindow) updateOffset() {
+func (rw *RollingWindow[T, B]) updateOffset() {
 	span := rw.span()
 	if span <= 0 {
 		return
@@ -97,54 +108,54 @@ func (rw *RollingWindow) updateOffset() {
 }
 
 // Bucket defines the bucket that holds sum and num of additions.
-type Bucket struct {
+type Bucket[T Numerical] struct {
-	Sum   float64
+	Sum   T
 	Count int64
 }
 
-func (b *Bucket) add(v float64) {
+func (b *Bucket[T]) Add(v T) {
 	b.Sum += v
 	b.Count++
 }
 
-func (b *Bucket) reset() {
+func (b *Bucket[T]) Reset() {
 	b.Sum = 0
 	b.Count = 0
 }
 
-type window struct {
+type window[T Numerical, B BucketInterface[T]] struct {
-	buckets []*Bucket
+	buckets []B
 	size    int
 }
 
-func newWindow(size int) *window {
+func newWindow[T Numerical, B BucketInterface[T]](newBucket func() B, size int) *window[T, B] {
-	buckets := make([]*Bucket, size)
+	buckets := make([]B, size)
 	for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
-		buckets[i] = new(Bucket)
+		buckets[i] = newBucket()
 	}
-	return &window{
+	return &window[T, B]{
 		buckets: buckets,
 		size:    size,
 	}
 }
 
-func (w *window) add(offset int, v float64) {
+func (w *window[T, B]) add(offset int, v T) {
-	w.buckets[offset%w.size].add(v)
+	w.buckets[offset%w.size].Add(v)
 }
 
-func (w *window) reduce(start, count int, fn func(b *Bucket)) {
+func (w *window[T, B]) reduce(start, count int, fn func(b B)) {
 	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
 		fn(w.buckets[(start+i)%w.size])
 	}
 }
 
-func (w *window) resetBucket(offset int) {
+func (w *window[T, B]) resetBucket(offset int) {
-	w.buckets[offset%w.size].reset()
+	w.buckets[offset%w.size].Reset()
 }
 
 // IgnoreCurrentBucket lets the Reduce call ignore current bucket.
-func IgnoreCurrentBucket() RollingWindowOption {
+func IgnoreCurrentBucket[T Numerical, B BucketInterface[T]]() RollingWindowOption[T, B] {
-	return func(w *RollingWindow) {
+	return func(w *RollingWindow[T, B]) {
 		w.ignoreCurrent = true
 	}
 }

core/collection/rollingwindow_test.go

@@ -12,18 +12,24 @@ import (
 const duration = time.Millisecond * 50
 
 func TestNewRollingWindow(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.NotNil(t, NewRollingWindow(10, time.Second))
+	assert.NotNil(t, NewRollingWindow[int64, *Bucket[int64]](func() *Bucket[int64] {
+		return new(Bucket[int64])
+	}, 10, time.Second))
 	assert.Panics(t, func() {
-		NewRollingWindow(0, time.Second)
+		NewRollingWindow[int64, *Bucket[int64]](func() *Bucket[int64] {
+			return new(Bucket[int64])
+		}, 0, time.Second)
 	})
 }
 
 func TestRollingWindowAdd(t *testing.T) {
 	const size = 3
-	r := NewRollingWindow(size, duration)
+	r := NewRollingWindow[float64, *Bucket[float64]](func() *Bucket[float64] {
+		return new(Bucket[float64])
+	}, size, duration)
 	listBuckets := func() []float64 {
 		var buckets []float64
-		r.Reduce(func(b *Bucket) {
+		r.Reduce(func(b *Bucket[float64]) {
 			buckets = append(buckets, b.Sum)
 		})
 		return buckets
@@ -47,10 +53,12 @@ func TestRollingWindowAdd(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestRollingWindowReset(t *testing.T) {
 	const size = 3
-	r := NewRollingWindow(size, duration, IgnoreCurrentBucket())
+	r := NewRollingWindow[float64, *Bucket[float64]](func() *Bucket[float64] {
+		return new(Bucket[float64])
+	}, size, duration, IgnoreCurrentBucket[float64, *Bucket[float64]]())
 	listBuckets := func() []float64 {
 		var buckets []float64
-		r.Reduce(func(b *Bucket) {
+		r.Reduce(func(b *Bucket[float64]) {
 			buckets = append(buckets, b.Sum)
 		})
 		return buckets
@@ -72,15 +80,19 @@ func TestRollingWindowReset(t *testing.T) {
 func TestRollingWindowReduce(t *testing.T) {
 	const size = 4
 	tests := []struct {
-		win    *RollingWindow
+		win    *RollingWindow[float64, *Bucket[float64]]
 		expect float64
 	}{
 		{
-			win:    NewRollingWindow(size, duration),
+			win: NewRollingWindow[float64, *Bucket[float64]](func() *Bucket[float64] {
+				return new(Bucket[float64])
+			}, size, duration),
 			expect: 10,
 		},
 		{
-			win:    NewRollingWindow(size, duration, IgnoreCurrentBucket()),
+			win: NewRollingWindow[float64, *Bucket[float64]](func() *Bucket[float64] {
+				return new(Bucket[float64])
+			}, size, duration, IgnoreCurrentBucket[float64, *Bucket[float64]]()),
 			expect: 4,
 		},
 	}
@@ -97,7 +109,7 @@ func TestRollingWindowReduce(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 			}
 			var result float64
-			r.Reduce(func(b *Bucket) {
+			r.Reduce(func(b *Bucket[float64]) {
 				result += b.Sum
 			})
 			assert.Equal(t, test.expect, result)
@@ -108,10 +120,12 @@ func TestRollingWindowReduce(t *testing.T) {
 func TestRollingWindowBucketTimeBoundary(t *testing.T) {
 	const size = 3
 	interval := time.Millisecond * 30
-	r := NewRollingWindow(size, interval)
+	r := NewRollingWindow[float64, *Bucket[float64]](func() *Bucket[float64] {
+		return new(Bucket[float64])
+	}, size, interval)
 	listBuckets := func() []float64 {
 		var buckets []float64
-		r.Reduce(func(b *Bucket) {
+		r.Reduce(func(b *Bucket[float64]) {
 			buckets = append(buckets, b.Sum)
 		})
 		return buckets
@@ -138,7 +152,9 @@ func TestRollingWindowBucketTimeBoundary(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestRollingWindowDataRace(t *testing.T) {
 	const size = 3
-	r := NewRollingWindow(size, duration)
+	r := NewRollingWindow[float64, *Bucket[float64]](func() *Bucket[float64] {
+		return new(Bucket[float64])
+	}, size, duration)
 	stop := make(chan bool)
 	go func() {
 		for {
@@ -157,7 +173,7 @@ func TestRollingWindowDataRace(t *testing.T) {
 			case <-stop:
 				return
 			default:
-				r.Reduce(func(b *Bucket) {})
+				r.Reduce(func(b *Bucket[float64]) {})
 			}
 		}
 	}()

core/collection/safemap.go

@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ func NewSafeMap() *SafeMap {
 // Del deletes the value with the given key from m.
 func (m *SafeMap) Del(key any) {
 	m.lock.Lock()
+	defer m.lock.Unlock()
+
 	if _, ok := m.dirtyOld[key]; ok {
 		delete(m.dirtyOld, key)
 		m.deletionOld++
@@ -52,7 +54,6 @@ func (m *SafeMap) Del(key any) {
 		m.dirtyNew = make(map[any]any)
 		m.deletionNew = 0
 	}
-	m.lock.Unlock()
 }
 
 // Get gets the value with the given key from m.
@@ -89,6 +90,8 @@ func (m *SafeMap) Range(f func(key, val any) bool) {
 // Set sets the value into m with the given key.
 func (m *SafeMap) Set(key, value any) {
 	m.lock.Lock()
+	defer m.lock.Unlock()
+
 	if m.deletionOld <= maxDeletion {
 		if _, ok := m.dirtyNew[key]; ok {
 			delete(m.dirtyNew, key)
@@ -102,7 +105,6 @@ func (m *SafeMap) Set(key, value any) {
 		}
 		m.dirtyNew[key] = value
 	}
-	m.lock.Unlock()
 }
 
 // Size returns the size of m.

core/collection/safemap_test.go

@@ -147,3 +147,65 @@ func TestSafeMap_Range(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, m.dirtyNew, newMap.dirtyNew)
 	assert.Equal(t, m.dirtyOld, newMap.dirtyOld)
 }
+
+func TestSetManyTimes(t *testing.T) {
+	const iteration = maxDeletion * 2
+	m := NewSafeMap()
+	for i := 0; i < iteration; i++ {
+		m.Set(i, i)
+		if i%3 == 0 {
+			m.Del(i / 2)
+		}
+	}
+	var count int
+	m.Range(func(k, v any) bool {
+		count++
+		return count < maxDeletion/2
+	})
+	assert.Equal(t, maxDeletion/2, count)
+	for i := 0; i < iteration; i++ {
+		m.Set(i, i)
+		if i%3 == 0 {
+			m.Del(i / 2)
+		}
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < iteration; i++ {
+		m.Set(i, i)
+		if i%3 == 0 {
+			m.Del(i / 2)
+		}
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < iteration; i++ {
+		m.Set(i, i)
+		if i%3 == 0 {
+			m.Del(i / 2)
+		}
+	}
+
+	count = 0
+	m.Range(func(k, v any) bool {
+		count++
+		return count < maxDeletion
+	})
+	assert.Equal(t, maxDeletion, count)
+}
+
+func TestSetManyTimesNew(t *testing.T) {
+	m := NewSafeMap()
+	for i := 0; i < maxDeletion*3; i++ {
+		m.Set(i, i)
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < maxDeletion*2; i++ {
+		m.Del(i)
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < maxDeletion*3; i++ {
+		m.Set(i+maxDeletion*3, i+maxDeletion*3)
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < maxDeletion*2; i++ {
+		m.Del(i + maxDeletion*2)
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < maxDeletion-copyThreshold+1; i++ {
+		m.Del(i + maxDeletion*2)
+	}
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(m.dirtyNew))
+}

core/conf/config.go

@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ func addOrMergeFields(info *fieldInfo, key string, child *fieldInfo, fullName st
 			return newConflictKeyError(fullName)
 		}
 
-		if err := mergeFields(prev, key, child.children, fullName); err != nil {
+		if err := mergeFields(prev, child.children, fullName); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	} else {
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ func getTagName(field reflect.StructField) string {
 	return field.Name
 }
 
-func mergeFields(prev *fieldInfo, key string, children map[string]*fieldInfo, fullName string) error {
+func mergeFields(prev *fieldInfo, children map[string]*fieldInfo, fullName string) error {
 	if len(prev.children) == 0 || len(children) == 0 {
 		return newConflictKeyError(fullName)
 	}

core/conf/readme.md

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ type RestfulConf struct {
 	MaxConns     int           `json:",default=10000"`
 	MaxBytes     int64         `json:",default=1048576"`
 	Timeout      time.Duration `json:",default=3s"`
-	CpuThreshold int64         `json:",default=900,range=[0:1000]"`
+	CpuThreshold int64         `json:",default=900,range=[0:1000)"`
 }
 ```
 

core/configcenter/configurator.go

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+package configurator
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/configcenter/subscriber"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/mapping"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/threading"
+)
+
+var (
+	errEmptyConfig            = errors.New("empty config value")
+	errMissingUnmarshalerType = errors.New("missing unmarshaler type")
+)
+
+// Configurator is the interface for configuration center.
+type Configurator[T any] interface {
+	// GetConfig returns the subscription value.
+	GetConfig() (T, error)
+	// AddListener adds a listener to the subscriber.
+	AddListener(listener func())
+}
+
+type (
+	// Config is the configuration for Configurator.
+	Config struct {
+		// Type is the value type, yaml, json or toml.
+		Type string `json:",default=yaml,options=[yaml,json,toml]"`
+		// Log is the flag to control logging.
+		Log bool `json:",default=true"`
+	}
+
+	configCenter[T any] struct {
+		conf        Config
+		unmarshaler LoaderFn
+		subscriber  subscriber.Subscriber
+		listeners   []func()
+		lock        sync.Mutex
+		snapshot    atomic.Value
+	}
+
+	value[T any] struct {
+		data        string
+		marshalData T
+		err         error
+	}
+)
+
+// Configurator is the interface for configuration center.
+var _ Configurator[any] = (*configCenter[any])(nil)
+
+// MustNewConfigCenter returns a Configurator, exits on errors.
+func MustNewConfigCenter[T any](c Config, subscriber subscriber.Subscriber) Configurator[T] {
+	cc, err := NewConfigCenter[T](c, subscriber)
+	logx.Must(err)
+	return cc
+}
+
+// NewConfigCenter returns a Configurator.
+func NewConfigCenter[T any](c Config, subscriber subscriber.Subscriber) (Configurator[T], error) {
+	unmarshaler, ok := Unmarshaler(strings.ToLower(c.Type))
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown format: %s", c.Type)
+	}
+
+	cc := &configCenter[T]{
+		conf:        c,
+		unmarshaler: unmarshaler,
+		subscriber:  subscriber,
+	}
+
+	if err := cc.loadConfig(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if err := cc.subscriber.AddListener(cc.onChange); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if _, err := cc.GetConfig(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return cc, nil
+}
+
+// AddListener adds listener to s.
+func (c *configCenter[T]) AddListener(listener func()) {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+	c.listeners = append(c.listeners, listener)
+}
+
+// GetConfig return structured config.
+func (c *configCenter[T]) GetConfig() (T, error) {
+	v := c.value()
+	if v == nil || len(v.data) == 0 {
+		var empty T
+		return empty, errEmptyConfig
+	}
+
+	return v.marshalData, v.err
+}
+
+// Value returns the subscription value.
+func (c *configCenter[T]) Value() string {
+	v := c.value()
+	if v == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return v.data
+}
+
+func (c *configCenter[T]) loadConfig() error {
+	v, err := c.subscriber.Value()
+	if err != nil {
+		if c.conf.Log {
+			logx.Errorf("ConfigCenter loads changed configuration, error: %v", err)
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if c.conf.Log {
+		logx.Infof("ConfigCenter loads changed configuration, content [%s]", v)
+	}
+
+	c.snapshot.Store(c.genValue(v))
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *configCenter[T]) onChange() {
+	if err := c.loadConfig(); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	listeners := make([]func(), len(c.listeners))
+	copy(listeners, c.listeners)
+	c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	for _, l := range listeners {
+		threading.GoSafe(l)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *configCenter[T]) value() *value[T] {
+	content := c.snapshot.Load()
+	if content == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return content.(*value[T])
+}
+
+func (c *configCenter[T]) genValue(data string) *value[T] {
+	v := &value[T]{
+		data: data,
+	}
+	if len(data) == 0 {
+		return v
+	}
+
+	t := reflect.TypeOf(v.marshalData)
+	// if the type is nil, it means that the user has not set the type of the configuration.
+	if t == nil {
+		v.err = errMissingUnmarshalerType
+		return v
+	}
+
+	t = mapping.Deref(t)
+	switch t.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Struct, reflect.Array, reflect.Slice:
+		if err := c.unmarshaler([]byte(data), &v.marshalData); err != nil {
+			v.err = err
+			if c.conf.Log {
+				logx.Errorf("ConfigCenter unmarshal configuration failed, err: %+v, content [%s]",
+					err.Error(), data)
+			}
+		}
+	case reflect.String:
+		if str, ok := any(data).(T); ok {
+			v.marshalData = str
+		} else {
+			v.err = errMissingUnmarshalerType
+		}
+	default:
+		if c.conf.Log {
+			logx.Errorf("ConfigCenter unmarshal configuration missing unmarshaler for type: %s, content [%s]",
+				t.Kind(), data)
+		}
+		v.err = errMissingUnmarshalerType
+	}
+
+	return v
+}

core/configcenter/configurator_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+package configurator
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestNewConfigCenter(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := NewConfigCenter[any](Config{
+		Log: true,
+	}, &mockSubscriber{})
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+
+	_, err = NewConfigCenter[any](Config{
+		Type: "json",
+		Log:  true,
+	}, &mockSubscriber{})
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestConfigCenter_GetConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	mock := &mockSubscriber{}
+	type Data struct {
+		Name string `json:"name"`
+	}
+
+	mock.v = `{"name": "go-zero"}`
+	c1, err := NewConfigCenter[Data](Config{
+		Type: "json",
+		Log:  true,
+	}, mock)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	data, err := c1.GetConfig()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "go-zero", data.Name)
+
+	mock.v = `{"name": "111"}`
+	c2, err := NewConfigCenter[Data](Config{Type: "json"}, mock)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	mock.v = `{}`
+	c3, err := NewConfigCenter[string](Config{
+		Type: "json",
+		Log:  true,
+	}, mock)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = c3.GetConfig()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	data, err = c2.GetConfig()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	mock.lisErr = errors.New("mock error")
+	_, err = NewConfigCenter[Data](Config{
+		Type: "json",
+		Log:  true,
+	}, mock)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestConfigCenter_onChange(t *testing.T) {
+	mock := &mockSubscriber{}
+	type Data struct {
+		Name string `json:"name"`
+	}
+
+	mock.v = `{"name": "go-zero"}`
+	c1, err := NewConfigCenter[Data](Config{Type: "json", Log: true}, mock)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	data, err := c1.GetConfig()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "go-zero", data.Name)
+
+	mock.v = `{"name": "go-zero2"}`
+	mock.change()
+
+	data, err = c1.GetConfig()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "go-zero2", data.Name)
+
+	mock.valErr = errors.New("mock error")
+	_, err = NewConfigCenter[Data](Config{Type: "json", Log: false}, mock)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestConfigCenter_Value(t *testing.T) {
+	mock := &mockSubscriber{}
+	mock.v = "1234"
+
+	c, err := NewConfigCenter[string](Config{
+		Type: "json",
+		Log:  true,
+	}, mock)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cc := c.(*configCenter[string])
+
+	assert.Equal(t, cc.Value(), "1234")
+
+	mock.valErr = errors.New("mock error")
+
+	_, err = NewConfigCenter[any](Config{
+		Type: "json",
+		Log:  true,
+	}, mock)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestConfigCenter_AddListener(t *testing.T) {
+	mock := &mockSubscriber{}
+	mock.v = "1234"
+	c, err := NewConfigCenter[string](Config{
+		Type: "json",
+		Log:  true,
+	}, mock)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cc := c.(*configCenter[string])
+	var a, b int
+	var mutex sync.Mutex
+	cc.AddListener(func() {
+		mutex.Lock()
+		a = 1
+		mutex.Unlock()
+	})
+	cc.AddListener(func() {
+		mutex.Lock()
+		b = 2
+		mutex.Unlock()
+	})
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, len(cc.listeners))
+
+	mock.change()
+
+	time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 100)
+
+	mutex.Lock()
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, a)
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, b)
+	mutex.Unlock()
+}
+
+func TestConfigCenter_genValue(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("data is empty", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := &configCenter[string]{
+			unmarshaler: registry.unmarshalers["json"],
+			conf:        Config{Log: true},
+		}
+		v := c.genValue("")
+		assert.Equal(t, "", v.data)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("invalid template type", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := &configCenter[any]{
+			unmarshaler: registry.unmarshalers["json"],
+			conf:        Config{Log: true},
+		}
+		v := c.genValue("xxxx")
+		assert.Equal(t, errMissingUnmarshalerType, v.err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("unsupported template type", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := &configCenter[int]{
+			unmarshaler: registry.unmarshalers["json"],
+			conf:        Config{Log: true},
+		}
+		v := c.genValue("1")
+		assert.Equal(t, errMissingUnmarshalerType, v.err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("supported template string type", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := &configCenter[string]{
+			unmarshaler: registry.unmarshalers["json"],
+			conf:        Config{Log: true},
+		}
+		v := c.genValue("12345")
+		assert.NoError(t, v.err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "12345", v.data)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("unmarshal fail", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := &configCenter[struct {
+			Name string `json:"name"`
+		}]{
+			unmarshaler: registry.unmarshalers["json"],
+			conf:        Config{Log: true},
+		}
+		v := c.genValue(`{"name":"new name}`)
+		assert.Equal(t, `{"name":"new name}`, v.data)
+		assert.Error(t, v.err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("success", func(t *testing.T) {
+		c := &configCenter[struct {
+			Name string `json:"name"`
+		}]{
+			unmarshaler: registry.unmarshalers["json"],
+			conf:        Config{Log: true},
+		}
+		v := c.genValue(`{"name":"new name"}`)
+		assert.Equal(t, `{"name":"new name"}`, v.data)
+		assert.Equal(t, "new name", v.marshalData.Name)
+		assert.NoError(t, v.err)
+	})
+}
+
+type mockSubscriber struct {
+	v              string
+	lisErr, valErr error
+	listener       func()
+}
+
+func (m *mockSubscriber) AddListener(listener func()) error {
+	m.listener = listener
+	return m.lisErr
+}
+
+func (m *mockSubscriber) Value() (string, error) {
+	return m.v, m.valErr
+}
+
+func (m *mockSubscriber) change() {
+	if m.listener != nil {
+		m.listener()
+	}
+}

core/configcenter/subscriber/etcd.go

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+package subscriber
+
+import (
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/discov"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
+)
+
+type (
+	// etcdSubscriber is a subscriber that subscribes to etcd.
+	etcdSubscriber struct {
+		*discov.Subscriber
+	}
+
+	// EtcdConf is the configuration for etcd.
+	EtcdConf = discov.EtcdConf
+)
+
+// MustNewEtcdSubscriber returns an etcd Subscriber, exits on errors.
+func MustNewEtcdSubscriber(conf EtcdConf) Subscriber {
+	s, err := NewEtcdSubscriber(conf)
+	logx.Must(err)
+	return s
+}
+
+// NewEtcdSubscriber returns an etcd Subscriber.
+func NewEtcdSubscriber(conf EtcdConf) (Subscriber, error) {
+	opts := buildSubOptions(conf)
+	s, err := discov.NewSubscriber(conf.Hosts, conf.Key, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &etcdSubscriber{Subscriber: s}, nil
+}
+
+// buildSubOptions constructs the options for creating a new etcd subscriber.
+func buildSubOptions(conf EtcdConf) []discov.SubOption {
+	opts := []discov.SubOption{
+		discov.WithExactMatch(),
+	}
+
+	if len(conf.User) > 0 {
+		opts = append(opts, discov.WithSubEtcdAccount(conf.User, conf.Pass))
+	}
+	if len(conf.CertFile) > 0 || len(conf.CertKeyFile) > 0 || len(conf.CACertFile) > 0 {
+		opts = append(opts, discov.WithSubEtcdTLS(conf.CertFile, conf.CertKeyFile,
+			conf.CACertFile, conf.InsecureSkipVerify))
+	}
+
+	return opts
+}
+
+// AddListener adds a listener to the subscriber.
+func (s *etcdSubscriber) AddListener(listener func()) error {
+	s.Subscriber.AddListener(listener)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value returns the value of the subscriber.
+func (s *etcdSubscriber) Value() (string, error) {
+	vs := s.Subscriber.Values()
+	if len(vs) > 0 {
+		return vs[len(vs)-1], nil
+	}
+
+	return "", nil
+}

core/configcenter/subscriber/subscriber.go

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package subscriber
+
+// Subscriber is the interface for configcenter subscribers.
+type Subscriber interface {
+	// AddListener adds a listener to the subscriber.
+	AddListener(listener func()) error
+	// Value returns the value of the subscriber.
+	Value() (string, error)
+}

core/configcenter/unmarshaler.go

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package configurator
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/conf"
+)
+
+var registry = &unmarshalerRegistry{
+	unmarshalers: map[string]LoaderFn{
+		"json": conf.LoadFromJsonBytes,
+		"toml": conf.LoadFromTomlBytes,
+		"yaml": conf.LoadFromYamlBytes,
+	},
+}
+
+type (
+	// LoaderFn is the function type for loading configuration.
+	LoaderFn func([]byte, any) error
+
+	// unmarshalerRegistry is the registry for unmarshalers.
+	unmarshalerRegistry struct {
+		unmarshalers map[string]LoaderFn
+		mu           sync.RWMutex
+	}
+)
+
+// RegisterUnmarshaler registers an unmarshaler.
+func RegisterUnmarshaler(name string, fn LoaderFn) {
+	registry.mu.Lock()
+	defer registry.mu.Unlock()
+	registry.unmarshalers[name] = fn
+}
+
+// Unmarshaler returns the unmarshaler by name.
+func Unmarshaler(name string) (LoaderFn, bool) {
+	registry.mu.RLock()
+	defer registry.mu.RUnlock()
+	fn, ok := registry.unmarshalers[name]
+	return fn, ok
+}

core/configcenter/unmarshaler_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package configurator
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestRegisterUnmarshaler(t *testing.T) {
+	RegisterUnmarshaler("test", func(data []byte, v interface{}) error {
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	_, ok := Unmarshaler("test")
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+
+	_, ok = Unmarshaler("test2")
+	assert.False(t, ok)
+
+	_, ok = Unmarshaler("json")
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+
+	_, ok = Unmarshaler("toml")
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+
+	_, ok = Unmarshaler("yaml")
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+}

core/discov/internal/registry.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package internal
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"sort"
@@ -9,12 +10,14 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3/v3rpc/rpctypes"
+	clientv3 "go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3"
+
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/contextx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/lang"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/syncx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/threading"
-	clientv3 "go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -22,12 +25,13 @@ var (
 		clusters: make(map[string]*cluster),
 	}
 	connManager = syncx.NewResourceManager()
+	errClosed   = errors.New("etcd monitor chan has been closed")
 )
 
 // A Registry is a registry that manages the etcd client connections.
 type Registry struct {
 	clusters map[string]*cluster
-	lock     sync.Mutex
+	lock     sync.RWMutex
 }
 
 // GetRegistry returns a global Registry.
@@ -42,7 +46,7 @@ func (r *Registry) GetConn(endpoints []string) (EtcdClient, error) {
 }
 
 // Monitor monitors the key on given etcd endpoints, notify with the given UpdateListener.
-func (r *Registry) Monitor(endpoints []string, key string, l UpdateListener) error {
+func (r *Registry) Monitor(endpoints []string, key string, l UpdateListener, exactMatch bool) error {
 	c, exists := r.getCluster(endpoints)
 	// if exists, the existing values should be updated to the listener.
 	if exists {
@@ -52,17 +56,24 @@ func (r *Registry) Monitor(endpoints []string, key string, l UpdateListener) err
 		}
 	}
 
-	return c.monitor(key, l)
+	return c.monitor(key, l, exactMatch)
 }
 
 func (r *Registry) getCluster(endpoints []string) (c *cluster, exists bool) {
 	clusterKey := getClusterKey(endpoints)
-	r.lock.Lock()
+	r.lock.RLock()
-	defer r.lock.Unlock()
 	c, exists = r.clusters[clusterKey]
+	r.lock.RUnlock()
+
 	if !exists {
-		c = newCluster(endpoints)
+		r.lock.Lock()
-		r.clusters[clusterKey] = c
+		defer r.lock.Unlock()
+		// double-check locking
+		c, exists = r.clusters[clusterKey]
+		if !exists {
+			c = newCluster(endpoints)
+			r.clusters[clusterKey] = c
+		}
 	}
 
 	return
@@ -75,7 +86,8 @@ type cluster struct {
 	listeners  map[string][]UpdateListener
 	watchGroup *threading.RoutineGroup
 	done       chan lang.PlaceholderType
-	lock       sync.Mutex
+	lock       sync.RWMutex
+	exactMatch bool
 }
 
 func newCluster(endpoints []string) *cluster {
@@ -105,8 +117,8 @@ func (c *cluster) getClient() (EtcdClient, error) {
 }
 
 func (c *cluster) getCurrent(key string) []KV {
-	c.lock.Lock()
+	c.lock.RLock()
-	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+	defer c.lock.RUnlock()
 
 	var kvs []KV
 	for k, v := range c.values[key] {
@@ -122,6 +134,7 @@ func (c *cluster) getCurrent(key string) []KV {
 func (c *cluster) handleChanges(key string, kvs []KV) {
 	var add []KV
 	var remove []KV
+
 	c.lock.Lock()
 	listeners := append([]UpdateListener(nil), c.listeners[key]...)
 	vals, ok := c.values[key]
@@ -170,9 +183,9 @@ func (c *cluster) handleChanges(key string, kvs []KV) {
 }
 
 func (c *cluster) handleWatchEvents(key string, events []*clientv3.Event) {
-	c.lock.Lock()
+	c.lock.RLock()
 	listeners := append([]UpdateListener(nil), c.listeners[key]...)
-	c.lock.Unlock()
+	c.lock.RUnlock()
 
 	for _, ev := range events {
 		switch ev.Type {
@@ -213,13 +226,18 @@ func (c *cluster) load(cli EtcdClient, key string) int64 {
 	for {
 		var err error
 		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(c.context(cli), RequestTimeout)
-		resp, err = cli.Get(ctx, makeKeyPrefix(key), clientv3.WithPrefix())
+		if c.exactMatch {
+			resp, err = cli.Get(ctx, key)
+		} else {
+			resp, err = cli.Get(ctx, makeKeyPrefix(key), clientv3.WithPrefix())
+		}
+
 		cancel()
 		if err == nil {
 			break
 		}
 
-		logx.Error(err)
+		logx.Errorf("%s, key is %s", err.Error(), key)
 		time.Sleep(coolDownInterval)
 	}
 
@@ -236,9 +254,10 @@ func (c *cluster) load(cli EtcdClient, key string) int64 {
 	return resp.Header.Revision
 }
 
-func (c *cluster) monitor(key string, l UpdateListener) error {
+func (c *cluster) monitor(key string, l UpdateListener, exactMatch bool) error {
 	c.lock.Lock()
 	c.listeners[key] = append(c.listeners[key], l)
+	c.exactMatch = exactMatch
 	c.lock.Unlock()
 
 	cli, err := c.getClient()
@@ -288,40 +307,53 @@ func (c *cluster) reload(cli EtcdClient) {
 
 func (c *cluster) watch(cli EtcdClient, key string, rev int64) {
 	for {
-		if c.watchStream(cli, key, rev) {
+		err := c.watchStream(cli, key, rev)
+		if err == nil {
 			return
 		}
+
+		if rev != 0 && errors.Is(err, rpctypes.ErrCompacted) {
+			logx.Errorf("etcd watch stream has been compacted, try to reload, rev %d", rev)
+			rev = c.load(cli, key)
+		}
+
+		// log the error and retry
+		logx.Error(err)
 	}
 }
 
-func (c *cluster) watchStream(cli EtcdClient, key string, rev int64) bool {
+func (c *cluster) watchStream(cli EtcdClient, key string, rev int64) error {
-	var rch clientv3.WatchChan
+	var (
-	if rev != 0 {
+		rch      clientv3.WatchChan
-		rch = cli.Watch(clientv3.WithRequireLeader(c.context(cli)), makeKeyPrefix(key), clientv3.WithPrefix(),
+		ops      []clientv3.OpOption
-			clientv3.WithRev(rev+1))
+		watchKey = key
-	} else {
+	)
-		rch = cli.Watch(clientv3.WithRequireLeader(c.context(cli)), makeKeyPrefix(key), clientv3.WithPrefix())
+	if !c.exactMatch {
+		watchKey = makeKeyPrefix(key)
+		ops = append(ops, clientv3.WithPrefix())
 	}
+	if rev != 0 {
+		ops = append(ops, clientv3.WithRev(rev+1))
+	}
+
+	rch = cli.Watch(clientv3.WithRequireLeader(c.context(cli)), watchKey, ops...)
 
 	for {
 		select {
 		case wresp, ok := <-rch:
 			if !ok {
-				logx.Error("etcd monitor chan has been closed")
+				return errClosed
-				return false
 			}
 			if wresp.Canceled {
-				logx.Errorf("etcd monitor chan has been canceled, error: %v", wresp.Err())
+				return fmt.Errorf("etcd monitor chan has been canceled, error: %w", wresp.Err())
-				return false
 			}
 			if wresp.Err() != nil {
-				logx.Error(fmt.Sprintf("etcd monitor chan error: %v", wresp.Err()))
+				return fmt.Errorf("etcd monitor chan error: %w", wresp.Err())
-				return false
 			}
 
 			c.handleWatchEvents(key, wresp.Events)
 		case <-c.done:
-			return true
+			return nil
 		}
 	}
 }

core/discov/internal/registry_test.go

@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ func TestRegistry_Monitor(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}
 	GetRegistry().lock.Unlock()
-	assert.Error(t, GetRegistry().Monitor(endpoints, "foo", new(mockListener)))
+	assert.Error(t, GetRegistry().Monitor(endpoints, "foo", new(mockListener), false))
 }
 
 type mockListener struct {

core/discov/subscriber.go

@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@ type (
 
 	// A Subscriber is used to subscribe the given key on an etcd cluster.
 	Subscriber struct {
-		endpoints []string
+		endpoints  []string
-		exclusive bool
+		exclusive  bool
-		items     *container
+		exactMatch bool
+		items      *container
 	}
 )
 
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ func NewSubscriber(endpoints []string, key string, opts ...SubOption) (*Subscrib
 	}
 	sub.items = newContainer(sub.exclusive)
 
-	if err := internal.GetRegistry().Monitor(endpoints, key, sub.items); err != nil {
+	if err := internal.GetRegistry().Monitor(endpoints, key, sub.items, sub.exactMatch); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -59,6 +60,13 @@ func Exclusive() SubOption {
 	}
 }
 
+// WithExactMatch turn off querying using key prefixes.
+func WithExactMatch() SubOption {
+	return func(sub *Subscriber) {
+		sub.exactMatch = true
+	}
+}
+
 // WithSubEtcdAccount provides the etcd username/password.
 func WithSubEtcdAccount(user, pass string) SubOption {
 	return func(sub *Subscriber) {

core/errorx/batcherror.go

@@ -1,18 +1,21 @@
 package errorx
 
-import "bytes"
+import (
-
+	"errors"
-type (
+	"sync"
-	// A BatchError is an error that can hold multiple errors.
-	BatchError struct {
-		errs errorArray
-	}
-
-	errorArray []error
 )
 
-// Add adds errs to be, nil errors are ignored.
+// BatchError is an error that can hold multiple errors.
+type BatchError struct {
+	errs []error
+	lock sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+// Add adds one or more non-nil errors to the BatchError instance.
 func (be *BatchError) Add(errs ...error) {
+	be.lock.Lock()
+	defer be.lock.Unlock()
+
 	for _, err := range errs {
 		if err != nil {
 			be.errs = append(be.errs, err)
@@ -20,33 +23,20 @@ func (be *BatchError) Add(errs ...error) {
 	}
 }
 
-// Err returns an error that represents all errors.
+// Err returns an error that represents all accumulated errors.
+// It returns nil if there are no errors.
 func (be *BatchError) Err() error {
-	switch len(be.errs) {
+	be.lock.RLock()
-	case 0:
+	defer be.lock.RUnlock()
-		return nil
+
-	case 1:
+	// If there are no non-nil errors, errors.Join(...) returns nil.
-		return be.errs[0]
+	return errors.Join(be.errs...)
-	default:
-		return be.errs
-	}
 }
 
-// NotNil checks if any error inside.
+// NotNil checks if there is at least one error inside the BatchError.
 func (be *BatchError) NotNil() bool {
+	be.lock.RLock()
+	defer be.lock.RUnlock()
+
 	return len(be.errs) > 0
 }
-
-// Error returns a string that represents inside errors.
-func (ea errorArray) Error() string {
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
-
-	for i := range ea {
-		if i > 0 {
-			buf.WriteByte('\n')
-		}
-		buf.WriteString(ea[i].Error())
-	}
-
-	return buf.String()
-}

core/errorx/batcherror_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package errorx
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ func TestBatchErrorNilFromFunc(t *testing.T) {
 func TestBatchErrorOneError(t *testing.T) {
 	var batch BatchError
 	batch.Add(errors.New(err1))
-	assert.NotNil(t, batch)
+	assert.NotNil(t, batch.Err())
 	assert.Equal(t, err1, batch.Err().Error())
 	assert.True(t, batch.NotNil())
 }
@@ -42,7 +43,105 @@ func TestBatchErrorWithErrors(t *testing.T) {
 	var batch BatchError
 	batch.Add(errors.New(err1))
 	batch.Add(errors.New(err2))
-	assert.NotNil(t, batch)
+	assert.NotNil(t, batch.Err())
 	assert.Equal(t, fmt.Sprintf("%s\n%s", err1, err2), batch.Err().Error())
 	assert.True(t, batch.NotNil())
 }
+
+func TestBatchErrorConcurrentAdd(t *testing.T) {
+	const count = 10000
+	var batch BatchError
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+
+	wg.Add(count)
+	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			batch.Add(errors.New(err1))
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	assert.NotNil(t, batch.Err())
+	assert.Equal(t, count, len(batch.errs))
+	assert.True(t, batch.NotNil())
+}
+
+func TestBatchError_Unwrap(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("nil", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var be BatchError
+		assert.Nil(t, be.Err())
+		assert.True(t, errors.Is(be.Err(), nil))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("one error", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var errFoo = errors.New("foo")
+		var errBar = errors.New("bar")
+		var be BatchError
+		be.Add(errFoo)
+		assert.True(t, errors.Is(be.Err(), errFoo))
+		assert.False(t, errors.Is(be.Err(), errBar))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("two errors", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var errFoo = errors.New("foo")
+		var errBar = errors.New("bar")
+		var errBaz = errors.New("baz")
+		var be BatchError
+		be.Add(errFoo)
+		be.Add(errBar)
+		assert.True(t, errors.Is(be.Err(), errFoo))
+		assert.True(t, errors.Is(be.Err(), errBar))
+		assert.False(t, errors.Is(be.Err(), errBaz))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestBatchError_Add(t *testing.T) {
+	var be BatchError
+
+	// Test adding nil errors
+	be.Add(nil, nil)
+	assert.False(t, be.NotNil(), "Expected BatchError to be empty after adding nil errors")
+
+	// Test adding non-nil errors
+	err1 := errors.New("error 1")
+	err2 := errors.New("error 2")
+	be.Add(err1, err2)
+	assert.True(t, be.NotNil(), "Expected BatchError to be non-empty after adding errors")
+
+	// Test adding a mix of nil and non-nil errors
+	err3 := errors.New("error 3")
+	be.Add(nil, err3, nil)
+	assert.True(t, be.NotNil(), "Expected BatchError to be non-empty after adding a mix of nil and non-nil errors")
+}
+
+func TestBatchError_Err(t *testing.T) {
+	var be BatchError
+
+	// Test Err() on empty BatchError
+	assert.Nil(t, be.Err(), "Expected nil error for empty BatchError")
+
+	// Test Err() with multiple errors
+	err1 := errors.New("error 1")
+	err2 := errors.New("error 2")
+	be.Add(err1, err2)
+
+	combinedErr := be.Err()
+	assert.NotNil(t, combinedErr, "Expected nil error for BatchError with multiple errors")
+
+	// Check if the combined error contains both error messages
+	errString := combinedErr.Error()
+	assert.Truef(t, errors.Is(combinedErr, err1), "Combined error doesn't contain first error: %s", errString)
+	assert.Truef(t, errors.Is(combinedErr, err2), "Combined error doesn't contain second error: %s", errString)
+}
+
+func TestBatchError_NotNil(t *testing.T) {
+	var be BatchError
+
+	// Test NotNil() on empty BatchError
+	assert.Nil(t, be.Err(), "Expected nil error for empty BatchError")
+
+	// Test NotNil() after adding an error
+	be.Add(errors.New("test error"))
+	assert.NotNil(t, be.Err(), "Expected non-nil error after adding an error")
+}

core/errorx/check.go

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package errorx
+
+import "errors"
+
+// In checks if the given err is one of errs.
+func In(err error, errs ...error) bool {
+	for _, each := range errs {
+		if errors.Is(err, each) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false
+}

core/errorx/check_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+package errorx
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestIn(t *testing.T) {
+	err1 := errors.New("error 1")
+	err2 := errors.New("error 2")
+	err3 := errors.New("error 3")
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		err  error
+		errs []error
+		want bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "Error matches one of the errors in the list",
+			err:  err1,
+			errs: []error{err1, err2},
+			want: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Error does not match any errors in the list",
+			err:  err3,
+			errs: []error{err1, err2},
+			want: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Empty error list",
+			err:  err1,
+			errs: []error{},
+			want: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Nil error with non-nil list",
+			err:  nil,
+			errs: []error{err1, err2},
+			want: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Non-nil error with nil in list",
+			err:  err1,
+			errs: []error{nil, err2},
+			want: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Error matches nil error in the list",
+			err:  nil,
+			errs: []error{nil, err2},
+			want: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Nil error with empty list",
+			err:  nil,
+			errs: []error{},
+			want: false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := In(tt.err, tt.errs...); got != tt.want {
+				t.Errorf("In() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

core/filex/file.go

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ func firstLine(file *os.File) (string, error) {
 	for {
 		buf := make([]byte, bufSize)
 		n, err := file.ReadAt(buf, offset)
+
 		if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
 			return "", err
 		}
@@ -45,6 +46,10 @@ func firstLine(file *os.File) (string, error) {
 			}
 		}
 
+		if err == io.EOF {
+			return string(append(first, buf[:n]...)), nil
+		}
+
 		first = append(first, buf[:n]...)
 		offset += bufSize
 	}
@@ -57,30 +62,42 @@ func lastLine(filename string, file *os.File) (string, error) {
 	}
 
 	var last []byte
+	bufLen := int64(bufSize)
 	offset := info.Size()
-	for {
+
-		offset -= bufSize
+	for offset > 0 {
-		if offset < 0 {
+		if offset < bufLen {
+			bufLen = offset
 			offset = 0
+		} else {
+			offset -= bufLen
 		}
-		buf := make([]byte, bufSize)
+
+		buf := make([]byte, bufLen)
 		n, err := file.ReadAt(buf, offset)
 		if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
 			return "", err
 		}
 
+		if n == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+
 		if buf[n-1] == '\n' {
 			buf = buf[:n-1]
 			n--
 		} else {
 			buf = buf[:n]
 		}
-		for n--; n >= 0; n-- {
+
-			if buf[n] == '\n' {
+		for i := n - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
-				return string(append(buf[n+1:], last...)), nil
+			if buf[i] == '\n' {
+				return string(append(buf[i+1:], last...)), nil
 			}
 		}
 
 		last = append(buf, last...)
 	}
+
+	return string(last), nil
 }

core/filex/file_test.go

@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ last line`
 second line
 last line
 `
+	emptyContent = ``
 )
 
 func TestFirstLine(t *testing.T) {
@@ -79,6 +80,26 @@ func TestFirstLineError(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Error(t, err)
 }
 
+func TestFirstLineEmptyFile(t *testing.T) {
+	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(emptyContent)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(filename)
+
+	val, err := FirstLine(filename)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", val)
+}
+
+func TestFirstLineWithoutNewline(t *testing.T) {
+	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(longLine)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(filename)
+
+	val, err := FirstLine(filename)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, longLine, val)
+}
+
 func TestLastLine(t *testing.T) {
 	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(text)
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
@@ -99,6 +120,16 @@ func TestLastLineWithLastNewline(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, longLine, val)
 }
 
+func TestLastLineWithoutLastNewline(t *testing.T) {
+	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(longLine)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(filename)
+
+	val, err := LastLine(filename)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, longLine, val)
+}
+
 func TestLastLineShort(t *testing.T) {
 	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(shortText)
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
@@ -123,3 +154,67 @@ func TestLastLineError(t *testing.T) {
 	_, err := LastLine("/tmp/does-not-exist")
 	assert.Error(t, err)
 }
+
+func TestLastLineEmptyFile(t *testing.T) {
+	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(emptyContent)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(filename)
+
+	val, err := LastLine(filename)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", val)
+}
+
+func TestFirstLineExactlyBufSize(t *testing.T) {
+	content := make([]byte, bufSize)
+	for i := range content {
+		content[i] = 'a'
+	}
+	content[bufSize-1] = '\n' // Ensure there is a newline at the edge
+
+	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(string(content))
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(filename)
+
+	val, err := FirstLine(filename)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, string(content[:bufSize-1]), val)
+}
+
+func TestLastLineExactlyBufSize(t *testing.T) {
+	content := make([]byte, bufSize)
+	for i := range content {
+		content[i] = 'a'
+	}
+	content[bufSize-1] = '\n' // Ensure there is a newline at the edge
+
+	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(string(content))
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(filename)
+
+	val, err := LastLine(filename)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, string(content[:bufSize-1]), val)
+}
+
+func TestFirstLineLargeFile(t *testing.T) {
+	content := text + text + text + "\n" + "extra"
+	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(content)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(filename)
+
+	val, err := FirstLine(filename)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "first line", val)
+}
+
+func TestLastLineLargeFile(t *testing.T) {
+	content := text + text + text + "\n" + "extra"
+	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(content)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(filename)
+
+	val, err := LastLine(filename)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "extra", val)
+}

core/filex/progressscanner.go

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import "gopkg.in/cheggaaa/pb.v1"
 type (
 	// A Scanner is used to read lines.
 	Scanner interface {
-		// Scan checks if has remaining to read.
+		// Scan checks if it has remaining to read.
 		Scan() bool
 		// Text returns next line.
 		Text() string

core/fx/parallel.go

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 package fx
 
-import "github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/threading"
+import (
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/errorx"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/threading"
+)
 
 // Parallel runs fns parallelly and waits for done.
 func Parallel(fns ...func()) {
@@ -10,3 +13,20 @@ func Parallel(fns ...func()) {
 	}
 	group.Wait()
 }
+
+func ParallelErr(fns ...func() error) error {
+	var be errorx.BatchError
+
+	group := threading.NewRoutineGroup()
+	for _, fn := range fns {
+		f := fn
+		group.RunSafe(func() {
+			if err := f(); err != nil {
+				be.Add(err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+	group.Wait()
+
+	return be.Err()
+}

core/fx/parallel_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package fx
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -22,3 +23,54 @@ func TestParallel(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	assert.Equal(t, int32(6), count)
 }
+
+func TestParallelErr(t *testing.T) {
+	var count int32
+	err := ParallelErr(
+		func() error {
+			time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 100)
+			atomic.AddInt32(&count, 1)
+			return errors.New("failed to exec #1")
+		},
+		func() error {
+			time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 100)
+			atomic.AddInt32(&count, 2)
+			return errors.New("failed to exec #2")
+
+		},
+		func() error {
+			time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 100)
+			atomic.AddInt32(&count, 3)
+			return nil
+		},
+	)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, int32(6), count)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "failed to exec #1", "failed to exec #2")
+}
+
+func TestParallelErrErrorNil(t *testing.T) {
+	var count int32
+	err := ParallelErr(
+		func() error {
+			time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 100)
+			atomic.AddInt32(&count, 1)
+			return nil
+		},
+		func() error {
+			time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 100)
+			atomic.AddInt32(&count, 2)
+			return nil
+
+		},
+		func() error {
+			time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 100)
+			atomic.AddInt32(&count, 3)
+			return nil
+		},
+	)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, int32(6), count)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+}

core/fx/retry.go

@@ -10,16 +10,15 @@ import (
 
 const defaultRetryTimes = 3
 
-var errTimeout = errors.New("retry timeout")
-
 type (
 	// RetryOption defines the method to customize DoWithRetry.
 	RetryOption func(*retryOptions)
 
 	retryOptions struct {
-		times    int
+		times        int
-		interval time.Duration
+		interval     time.Duration
-		timeout  time.Duration
+		timeout      time.Duration
+		ignoreErrors []error
 	}
 )
 
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ type (
 // and performs modification operations, it is best to lock them,
 // otherwise there may be data race issues
 func DoWithRetry(fn func() error, opts ...RetryOption) error {
-	return retry(func(errChan chan error, retryCount int) {
+	return retry(context.Background(), func(errChan chan error, retryCount int) {
 		errChan <- fn()
 	}, opts...)
 }
@@ -40,12 +39,12 @@ func DoWithRetry(fn func() error, opts ...RetryOption) error {
 // otherwise there may be data race issues
 func DoWithRetryCtx(ctx context.Context, fn func(ctx context.Context, retryCount int) error,
 	opts ...RetryOption) error {
-	return retry(func(errChan chan error, retryCount int) {
+	return retry(ctx, func(errChan chan error, retryCount int) {
 		errChan <- fn(ctx, retryCount)
 	}, opts...)
 }
 
-func retry(fn func(errChan chan error, retryCount int), opts ...RetryOption) error {
+func retry(ctx context.Context, fn func(errChan chan error, retryCount int), opts ...RetryOption) error {
 	options := newRetryOptions()
 	for _, opt := range opts {
 		opt(options)
@@ -53,7 +52,6 @@ func retry(fn func(errChan chan error, retryCount int), opts ...RetryOption) err
 
 	var berr errorx.BatchError
 	var cancelFunc context.CancelFunc
-	ctx := context.Background()
 	if options.timeout > 0 {
 		ctx, cancelFunc = context.WithTimeout(ctx, options.timeout)
 		defer cancelFunc()
@@ -66,19 +64,24 @@ func retry(fn func(errChan chan error, retryCount int), opts ...RetryOption) err
 		select {
 		case err := <-errChan:
 			if err != nil {
+				for _, ignoreErr := range options.ignoreErrors {
+					if errors.Is(err, ignoreErr) {
+						return nil
+					}
+				}
 				berr.Add(err)
 			} else {
 				return nil
 			}
 		case <-ctx.Done():
-			berr.Add(errTimeout)
+			berr.Add(ctx.Err())
 			return berr.Err()
 		}
 
 		if options.interval > 0 {
 			select {
 			case <-ctx.Done():
-				berr.Add(errTimeout)
+				berr.Add(ctx.Err())
 				return berr.Err()
 			case <-time.After(options.interval):
 			}
@@ -88,19 +91,28 @@ func retry(fn func(errChan chan error, retryCount int), opts ...RetryOption) err
 	return berr.Err()
 }
 
-// WithRetry customize a DoWithRetry call with given retry times.
+// WithIgnoreErrors Ignore the specified errors
-func WithRetry(times int) RetryOption {
+func WithIgnoreErrors(ignoreErrors []error) RetryOption {
 	return func(options *retryOptions) {
-		options.times = times
+		options.ignoreErrors = ignoreErrors
 	}
 }
 
+// WithInterval customizes a DoWithRetry call with given interval.
 func WithInterval(interval time.Duration) RetryOption {
 	return func(options *retryOptions) {
 		options.interval = interval
 	}
 }
 
+// WithRetry customizes a DoWithRetry call with given retry times.
+func WithRetry(times int) RetryOption {
+	return func(options *retryOptions) {
+		options.times = times
+	}
+}
+
+// WithTimeout customizes a DoWithRetry call with given timeout.
 func WithTimeout(timeout time.Duration) RetryOption {
 	return func(options *retryOptions) {
 		options.timeout = timeout

core/fx/retry_test.go

@@ -97,20 +97,70 @@ func TestRetryWithInterval(t *testing.T) {
 
 }
 
-func TestRetryCtx(t *testing.T) {
+func TestRetryWithWithIgnoreErrors(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.NotNil(t, DoWithRetryCtx(context.Background(), func(ctx context.Context, retryCount int) error {
+	ignoreErr1 := errors.New("ignore error1")
-		if retryCount == 0 {
+	ignoreErr2 := errors.New("ignore error2")
-			return errors.New("any")
+	ignoreErrs := []error{ignoreErr1, ignoreErr2}
-		}
-		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 150)
-		return nil
-	}, WithTimeout(time.Millisecond*250), WithInterval(time.Millisecond*150)))
 
-	assert.NotNil(t, DoWithRetryCtx(context.Background(), func(ctx context.Context, retryCount int) error {
+	assert.Nil(t, DoWithRetry(func() error {
-		if retryCount == 1 {
+		return ignoreErr1
-			return nil
+	}, WithIgnoreErrors(ignoreErrs)))
-		}
+
-		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 150)
+	assert.Nil(t, DoWithRetry(func() error {
-		return errors.New("any ")
+		return ignoreErr2
-	}, WithTimeout(time.Millisecond*250), WithInterval(time.Millisecond*150)))
+	}, WithIgnoreErrors(ignoreErrs)))
+
+	assert.NotNil(t, DoWithRetry(func() error {
+		return errors.New("any")
+	}))
+}
+
+func TestRetryCtx(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("with timeout", func(t *testing.T) {
+		assert.NotNil(t, DoWithRetryCtx(context.Background(), func(ctx context.Context, retryCount int) error {
+			if retryCount == 0 {
+				return errors.New("any")
+			}
+			time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 150)
+			return nil
+		}, WithTimeout(time.Millisecond*250), WithInterval(time.Millisecond*150)))
+
+		assert.NotNil(t, DoWithRetryCtx(context.Background(), func(ctx context.Context, retryCount int) error {
+			if retryCount == 1 {
+				return nil
+			}
+			time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 150)
+			return errors.New("any ")
+		}, WithTimeout(time.Millisecond*250), WithInterval(time.Millisecond*150)))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("with deadline exceeded", func(t *testing.T) {
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), time.Now().Add(time.Millisecond*250))
+		defer cancel()
+
+		var times int
+		assert.Error(t, DoWithRetryCtx(ctx, func(ctx context.Context, retryCount int) error {
+			times++
+			time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 150)
+			return errors.New("any")
+		}, WithInterval(time.Millisecond*150)))
+		assert.Equal(t, 1, times)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("with deadline not exceeded", func(t *testing.T) {
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), time.Now().Add(time.Millisecond*250))
+		defer cancel()
+
+		var times int
+		assert.NoError(t, DoWithRetryCtx(ctx, func(ctx context.Context, retryCount int) error {
+			times++
+			if times == defaultRetryTimes {
+				return nil
+			}
+
+			time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 50)
+			return errors.New("any")
+		}))
+		assert.Equal(t, defaultRetryTimes, times)
+	})
 }

core/fx/stream.go

@@ -84,10 +84,10 @@ func Range(source <-chan any) Stream {
 	}
 }
 
-// AllMach returns whether all elements of this stream match the provided predicate.
+// AllMatch returns whether all elements of this stream match the provided predicate.
 // May not evaluate the predicate on all elements if not necessary for determining the result.
 // If the stream is empty then true is returned and the predicate is not evaluated.
-func (s Stream) AllMach(predicate func(item any) bool) bool {
+func (s Stream) AllMatch(predicate func(item any) bool) bool {
 	for item := range s.source {
 		if !predicate(item) {
 			// make sure the former goroutine not block, and current func returns fast.
@@ -99,10 +99,10 @@ func (s Stream) AllMach(predicate func(item any) bool) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
-// AnyMach returns whether any elements of this stream match the provided predicate.
+// AnyMatch returns whether any elements of this stream match the provided predicate.
 // May not evaluate the predicate on all elements if not necessary for determining the result.
 // If the stream is empty then false is returned and the predicate is not evaluated.
-func (s Stream) AnyMach(predicate func(item any) bool) bool {
+func (s Stream) AnyMatch(predicate func(item any) bool) bool {
 	for item := range s.source {
 		if predicate(item) {
 			// make sure the former goroutine not block, and current func returns fast.
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ func (s Stream) Parallel(fn ParallelFunc, opts ...Option) {
 	}, opts...).Done()
 }
 
-// Reduce is an utility method to let the caller deal with the underlying channel.
+// Reduce is a utility method to let the caller deal with the underlying channel.
 func (s Stream) Reduce(fn ReduceFunc) (any, error) {
 	return fn(s.source)
 }

core/fx/stream_test.go

@@ -398,16 +398,16 @@ func TestWalk(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestStream_AnyMach(t *testing.T) {
 	runCheckedTest(t, func(t *testing.T) {
-		assetEqual(t, false, Just(1, 2, 3).AnyMach(func(item any) bool {
+		assetEqual(t, false, Just(1, 2, 3).AnyMatch(func(item any) bool {
 			return item.(int) == 4
 		}))
-		assetEqual(t, false, Just(1, 2, 3).AnyMach(func(item any) bool {
+		assetEqual(t, false, Just(1, 2, 3).AnyMatch(func(item any) bool {
 			return item.(int) == 0
 		}))
-		assetEqual(t, true, Just(1, 2, 3).AnyMach(func(item any) bool {
+		assetEqual(t, true, Just(1, 2, 3).AnyMatch(func(item any) bool {
 			return item.(int) == 2
 		}))
-		assetEqual(t, true, Just(1, 2, 3).AnyMach(func(item any) bool {
+		assetEqual(t, true, Just(1, 2, 3).AnyMatch(func(item any) bool {
 			return item.(int) == 2
 		}))
 	})
@@ -416,17 +416,17 @@ func TestStream_AnyMach(t *testing.T) {
 func TestStream_AllMach(t *testing.T) {
 	runCheckedTest(t, func(t *testing.T) {
 		assetEqual(
-			t, true, Just(1, 2, 3).AllMach(func(item any) bool {
+			t, true, Just(1, 2, 3).AllMatch(func(item any) bool {
 				return true
 			}),
 		)
 		assetEqual(
-			t, false, Just(1, 2, 3).AllMach(func(item any) bool {
+			t, false, Just(1, 2, 3).AllMatch(func(item any) bool {
 				return false
 			}),
 		)
 		assetEqual(
-			t, false, Just(1, 2, 3).AllMach(func(item any) bool {
+			t, false, Just(1, 2, 3).AllMatch(func(item any) bool {
 				return item.(int) == 1
 			}),
 		)

core/iox/bufferpool.go

@@ -32,6 +32,10 @@ func (bp *BufferPool) Get() *bytes.Buffer {
 
 // Put returns buf into bp.
 func (bp *BufferPool) Put(buf *bytes.Buffer) {
+	if buf == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
 	if buf.Cap() < bp.capability {
 		bp.pool.Put(buf)
 	}

core/iox/bufferpool_test.go

@@ -13,3 +13,26 @@ func TestBufferPool(t *testing.T) {
 	pool.Put(bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, 2*capacity)))
 	assert.True(t, pool.Get().Cap() <= capacity)
 }
+
+func TestBufferPool_Put(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("with nil buf", func(t *testing.T) {
+		pool := NewBufferPool(1024)
+		pool.Put(nil)
+		val := pool.Get()
+		assert.IsType(t, new(bytes.Buffer), val)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("with less-cap buf", func(t *testing.T) {
+		pool := NewBufferPool(1024)
+		pool.Put(bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, 512)))
+		val := pool.Get()
+		assert.IsType(t, new(bytes.Buffer), val)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("with more-cap buf", func(t *testing.T) {
+		pool := NewBufferPool(1024)
+		pool.Put(bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, 1024<<1)))
+		val := pool.Get()
+		assert.IsType(t, new(bytes.Buffer), val)
+	})
+}

core/iox/nopcloser_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package iox
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestNopCloser(t *testing.T) {
+	closer := NopCloser(nil)
+	assert.NoError(t, closer.Close())
+}

core/iox/pipe.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package iox
 
 import "os"
 
-// RedirectInOut redirects stdin to r, stdout to w, and callers need to call restore afterwards.
+// RedirectInOut redirects stdin to r, stdout to w, and callers need to call restore afterward.
 func RedirectInOut() (restore func(), err error) {
 	var r, w *os.File
 	r, w, err = os.Pipe()

core/iox/read.go

@@ -35,6 +35,16 @@ func KeepSpace() TextReadOption {
 	}
 }
 
+// LimitDupReadCloser returns two io.ReadCloser that read from the first will be written to the second.
+// But the second io.ReadCloser is limited to up to n bytes.
+// The first returned reader needs to be read first, because the content
+// read from it will be written to the underlying buffer of the second reader.
+func LimitDupReadCloser(reader io.ReadCloser, n int64) (io.ReadCloser, io.ReadCloser) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	tee := LimitTeeReader(reader, &buf, n)
+	return io.NopCloser(tee), io.NopCloser(&buf)
+}
+
 // ReadBytes reads exactly the bytes with the length of len(buf)
 func ReadBytes(reader io.Reader, buf []byte) error {
 	var got int

core/iox/read_test.go

@@ -51,6 +51,11 @@ b`,
 	}
 }
 
+func TestReadTextError(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := ReadText("not-exist")
+	assert.NotNil(t, err)
+}
+
 func TestReadTextLines(t *testing.T) {
 	text := `1
 
@@ -94,6 +99,11 @@ func TestReadTextLines(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestReadTextLinesError(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := ReadTextLines("not-exist")
+	assert.NotNil(t, err)
+}
+
 func TestDupReadCloser(t *testing.T) {
 	input := "hello"
 	reader := io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString(input))
@@ -108,6 +118,29 @@ func TestDupReadCloser(t *testing.T) {
 	verify(r2)
 }
 
+func TestLimitDupReadCloser(t *testing.T) {
+	input := "hello world"
+	limitBytes := int64(4)
+	reader := io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString(input))
+	r1, r2 := LimitDupReadCloser(reader, limitBytes)
+	verify := func(r io.Reader) {
+		output, err := io.ReadAll(r)
+		assert.Nil(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, input, string(output))
+	}
+	verifyLimit := func(r io.Reader, limit int64) {
+		output, err := io.ReadAll(r)
+		if limit < int64(len(input)) {
+			input = input[:limit]
+		}
+		assert.Nil(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, input, string(output))
+	}
+
+	verify(r1)
+	verifyLimit(r2, limitBytes)
+}
+
 func TestReadBytes(t *testing.T) {
 	reader := io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString("helloworld"))
 	buf := make([]byte, 5)

core/iox/tee.go

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package iox
+
+import "io"
+
+// LimitTeeReader returns a Reader that writes up to n bytes to w what it reads from r.
+// First n bytes reads from r performed through it are matched with
+// corresponding writes to w. There is no internal buffering -
+// the write must complete before the first n bytes read completes.
+// Any error encountered while writing is reported as a read error.
+func LimitTeeReader(r io.Reader, w io.Writer, n int64) io.Reader {
+	return &limitTeeReader{r, w, n}
+}
+
+type limitTeeReader struct {
+	r io.Reader
+	w io.Writer
+	n int64 // limit bytes remaining
+}
+
+func (t *limitTeeReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	n, err = t.r.Read(p)
+	if n > 0 && t.n > 0 {
+		limit := int64(n)
+		if limit > t.n {
+			limit = t.n
+		}
+		if n, err := t.w.Write(p[:limit]); err != nil {
+			return n, err
+		}
+
+		t.n -= limit
+	}
+
+	return
+}

core/iox/tee_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+package iox
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"io"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestLimitTeeReader(t *testing.T) {
+	limit := int64(4)
+	src := []byte("hello, world")
+	dst := make([]byte, len(src))
+	rb := bytes.NewBuffer(src)
+	wb := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	r := LimitTeeReader(rb, wb, limit)
+	if n, err := io.ReadFull(r, dst); err != nil || n != len(src) {
+		t.Fatalf("ReadFull(r, dst) = %d, %v; want %d, nil", n, err, len(src))
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(dst, src) {
+		t.Errorf("bytes read = %q want %q", dst, src)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(wb.Bytes(), src[:limit]) {
+		t.Errorf("bytes written = %q want %q", wb.Bytes(), src)
+	}
+
+	n, err := r.Read(dst)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, n)
+	assert.Equal(t, io.EOF, err)
+
+	rb = bytes.NewBuffer(src)
+	pr, pw := io.Pipe()
+	if assert.NoError(t, pr.Close()) {
+		r = LimitTeeReader(rb, pw, limit)
+		n, err := io.ReadFull(r, dst)
+		assert.Equal(t, 0, n)
+		assert.Equal(t, io.ErrClosedPipe, err)
+	}
+}

core/iox/textfile.go

@@ -2,13 +2,14 @@ package iox
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 )
 
 const bufSize = 32 * 1024
 
-// CountLines returns the number of lines in file.
+// CountLines returns the number of lines in the file.
 func CountLines(file string) (int, error) {
 	f, err := os.Open(file)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ func CountLines(file string) (int, error) {
 		count += bytes.Count(buf[:c], lineSep)
 
 		switch {
-		case err == io.EOF:
+		case errors.Is(err, io.EOF):
 			if noEol {
 				count++
 			}

core/iox/textfile_test.go

@@ -24,3 +24,8 @@ func TestCountLines(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, 4, lines)
 }
+
+func TestCountLinesError(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := CountLines("not-exist")
+	assert.NotNil(t, err)
+}

core/iox/textlinescanner.go

@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@ package iox
 
 import (
 	"bufio"
+	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 )
 
-// A TextLineScanner is a scanner that can scan lines from given reader.
+// A TextLineScanner is a scanner that can scan lines from the given reader.
 type TextLineScanner struct {
 	reader  *bufio.Reader
 	hasNext bool
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ type TextLineScanner struct {
 	err     error
 }
 
-// NewTextLineScanner returns a TextLineScanner with given reader.
+// NewTextLineScanner returns a TextLineScanner with the given reader.
 func NewTextLineScanner(reader io.Reader) *TextLineScanner {
 	return &TextLineScanner{
 		reader:  bufio.NewReader(reader),
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ func (scanner *TextLineScanner) Scan() bool {
 
 	line, err := scanner.reader.ReadString('\n')
 	scanner.line = strings.TrimRight(line, "\n")
-	if err == io.EOF {
+	if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
 		scanner.hasNext = false
 		return true
 	} else if err != nil {

core/iox/textlinescanner_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package iox
 import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"testing/iotest"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
@@ -22,3 +23,10 @@ func TestScanner(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	assert.EqualValues(t, []string{"1", "2", "3", "4"}, lines)
 }
+
+func TestBadScanner(t *testing.T) {
+	scanner := NewTextLineScanner(iotest.ErrReader(iotest.ErrTimeout))
+	assert.False(t, scanner.Scan())
+	_, err := scanner.Line()
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, iotest.ErrTimeout)
+}

core/limit/periodlimit.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package limit
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	_ "embed"
 	"errors"
 	"strconv"
 	"time"
@@ -28,20 +29,9 @@ var (
 	// ErrUnknownCode is an error that represents unknown status code.
 	ErrUnknownCode = errors.New("unknown status code")
 
-	// to be compatible with aliyun redis, we cannot use `local key = KEYS[1]` to reuse the key
+	//go:embed periodscript.lua
-	periodScript = redis.NewScript(`local limit = tonumber(ARGV[1])
+	periodLuaScript string
-local window = tonumber(ARGV[2])
+	periodScript    = redis.NewScript(periodLuaScript)
-local current = redis.call("INCRBY", KEYS[1], 1)
-if current == 1 then
-    redis.call("expire", KEYS[1], window)
-end
-if current < limit then
-    return 1
-elseif current == limit then
-    return 2
-else
-    return 0
-end`)
 )
 
 type (

core/limit/periodscript.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+-- to be compatible with aliyun redis, we cannot use `local key = KEYS[1]` to reuse the key
+local limit = tonumber(ARGV[1])
+local window = tonumber(ARGV[2])
+local current = redis.call("INCRBY", KEYS[1], 1)
+if current == 1 then
+    redis.call("expire", KEYS[1], window)
+end
+if current < limit then
+    return 1
+elseif current == limit then
+    return 2
+else
+    return 0
+end

core/limit/tokenlimit.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package limit
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	_ "embed"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"strconv"
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/errorx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/stores/redis"
 	xrate "golang.org/x/time/rate"
@@ -20,37 +22,11 @@ const (
 	pingInterval    = time.Millisecond * 100
 )
 
-// to be compatible with aliyun redis, we cannot use `local key = KEYS[1]` to reuse the key
+var (
-// KEYS[1] as tokens_key
+	//go:embed tokenscript.lua
-// KEYS[2] as timestamp_key
+	tokenLuaScript string
-var script = redis.NewScript(`local rate = tonumber(ARGV[1])
+	tokenScript    = redis.NewScript(tokenLuaScript)
-local capacity = tonumber(ARGV[2])
+)
-local now = tonumber(ARGV[3])
-local requested = tonumber(ARGV[4])
-local fill_time = capacity/rate
-local ttl = math.floor(fill_time*2)
-local last_tokens = tonumber(redis.call("get", KEYS[1]))
-if last_tokens == nil then
-    last_tokens = capacity
-end
-
-local last_refreshed = tonumber(redis.call("get", KEYS[2]))
-if last_refreshed == nil then
-    last_refreshed = 0
-end
-
-local delta = math.max(0, now-last_refreshed)
-local filled_tokens = math.min(capacity, last_tokens+(delta*rate))
-local allowed = filled_tokens >= requested
-local new_tokens = filled_tokens
-if allowed then
-    new_tokens = filled_tokens - requested
-end
-
-redis.call("setex", KEYS[1], ttl, new_tokens)
-redis.call("setex", KEYS[2], ttl, now)
-
-return allowed`)
 
 // A TokenLimiter controls how frequently events are allowed to happen with in one second.
 type TokenLimiter struct {
@@ -112,7 +88,7 @@ func (lim *TokenLimiter) reserveN(ctx context.Context, now time.Time, n int) boo
 	}
 
 	resp, err := lim.store.ScriptRunCtx(ctx,
-		script,
+		tokenScript,
 		[]string{
 			lim.tokenKey,
 			lim.timestampKey,
@@ -125,10 +101,10 @@ func (lim *TokenLimiter) reserveN(ctx context.Context, now time.Time, n int) boo
 		})
 	// redis allowed == false
 	// Lua boolean false -> r Nil bulk reply
-	if err == redis.Nil {
+	if errors.Is(err, redis.Nil) {
 		return false
 	}
-	if errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) || errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+	if errorx.In(err, context.DeadlineExceeded, context.Canceled) {
 		logx.Errorf("fail to use rate limiter: %s", err)
 		return false
 	}

core/limit/tokenscript.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+-- to be compatible with aliyun redis, we cannot use `local key = KEYS[1]` to reuse the key
+-- KEYS[1] as tokens_key
+-- KEYS[2] as timestamp_key
+local rate = tonumber(ARGV[1])
+local capacity = tonumber(ARGV[2])
+local now = tonumber(ARGV[3])
+local requested = tonumber(ARGV[4])
+local fill_time = capacity/rate
+local ttl = math.floor(fill_time*2)
+local last_tokens = tonumber(redis.call("get", KEYS[1]))
+if last_tokens == nil then
+    last_tokens = capacity
+end
+
+local last_refreshed = tonumber(redis.call("get", KEYS[2]))
+if last_refreshed == nil then
+    last_refreshed = 0
+end
+
+local delta = math.max(0, now-last_refreshed)
+local filled_tokens = math.min(capacity, last_tokens+(delta*rate))
+local allowed = filled_tokens >= requested
+local new_tokens = filled_tokens
+if allowed then
+    new_tokens = filled_tokens - requested
+end
+
+redis.call("setex", KEYS[1], ttl, new_tokens)
+redis.call("setex", KEYS[2], ttl, now)
+
+return allowed

core/load/adaptiveshedder.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/collection"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/logx"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/mathx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/stat"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/syncx"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/timex"
@@ -21,8 +22,11 @@ const (
 	defaultCpuThreshold = 900
 	defaultMinRt        = float64(time.Second / time.Millisecond)
 	// moving average hyperparameter beta for calculating requests on the fly
-	flyingBeta      = 0.9
+	flyingBeta               = 0.9
-	coolOffDuration = time.Second
+	coolOffDuration          = time.Second
+	cpuMax                   = 1000 // millicpu
+	millisecondsPerSecond    = 1000
+	overloadFactorLowerBound = 0.1
 )
 
 var (
@@ -66,14 +70,14 @@ type (
 
 	adaptiveShedder struct {
 		cpuThreshold    int64
-		windows         int64
+		windowScale     float64
 		flying          int64
 		avgFlying       float64
 		avgFlyingLock   syncx.SpinLock
 		overloadTime    *syncx.AtomicDuration
 		droppedRecently *syncx.AtomicBool
-		passCounter     *collection.RollingWindow
+		passCounter     *collection.RollingWindow[int64, *collection.Bucket[int64]]
-		rtCounter       *collection.RollingWindow
+		rtCounter       *collection.RollingWindow[int64, *collection.Bucket[int64]]
 	}
 )
 
@@ -103,15 +107,16 @@ func NewAdaptiveShedder(opts ...ShedderOption) Shedder {
 		opt(&options)
 	}
 	bucketDuration := options.window / time.Duration(options.buckets)
+	newBucket := func() *collection.Bucket[int64] {
+		return new(collection.Bucket[int64])
+	}
 	return &adaptiveShedder{
 		cpuThreshold:    options.cpuThreshold,
-		windows:         int64(time.Second / bucketDuration),
+		windowScale:     float64(time.Second) / float64(bucketDuration) / millisecondsPerSecond,
 		overloadTime:    syncx.NewAtomicDuration(),
 		droppedRecently: syncx.NewAtomicBool(),
-		passCounter: collection.NewRollingWindow(options.buckets, bucketDuration,
+		passCounter:     collection.NewRollingWindow[int64, *collection.Bucket[int64]](newBucket, options.buckets, bucketDuration, collection.IgnoreCurrentBucket[int64, *collection.Bucket[int64]]()),
-			collection.IgnoreCurrentBucket()),
+		rtCounter:       collection.NewRollingWindow[int64, *collection.Bucket[int64]](newBucket, options.buckets, bucketDuration, collection.IgnoreCurrentBucket[int64, *collection.Bucket[int64]]()),
-		rtCounter: collection.NewRollingWindow(options.buckets, bucketDuration,
-			collection.IgnoreCurrentBucket()),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -134,10 +139,10 @@ func (as *adaptiveShedder) Allow() (Promise, error) {
 func (as *adaptiveShedder) addFlying(delta int64) {
 	flying := atomic.AddInt64(&as.flying, delta)
 	// update avgFlying when the request is finished.
-	// this strategy makes avgFlying have a little bit lag against flying, and smoother.
+	// this strategy makes avgFlying have a little bit of lag against flying, and smoother.
 	// when the flying requests increase rapidly, avgFlying increase slower, accept more requests.
-	// when the flying requests drop rapidly, avgFlying drop slower, accept less requests.
+	// when the flying requests drop rapidly, avgFlying drop slower, accept fewer requests.
-	// it makes the service to serve as more requests as possible.
+	// it makes the service to serve as many requests as possible.
 	if delta < 0 {
 		as.avgFlyingLock.Lock()
 		as.avgFlying = as.avgFlying*flyingBeta + float64(flying)*(1-flyingBeta)
@@ -149,39 +154,42 @@ func (as *adaptiveShedder) highThru() bool {
 	as.avgFlyingLock.Lock()
 	avgFlying := as.avgFlying
 	as.avgFlyingLock.Unlock()
-	maxFlight := as.maxFlight()
+	maxFlight := as.maxFlight() * as.overloadFactor()
-	return int64(avgFlying) > maxFlight && atomic.LoadInt64(&as.flying) > maxFlight
+	return avgFlying > maxFlight && float64(atomic.LoadInt64(&as.flying)) > maxFlight
 }
 
-func (as *adaptiveShedder) maxFlight() int64 {
+func (as *adaptiveShedder) maxFlight() float64 {
 	// windows = buckets per second
 	// maxQPS = maxPASS * windows
 	// minRT = min average response time in milliseconds
-	// maxQPS * minRT / milliseconds_per_second
+	// allowedFlying = maxQPS * minRT / milliseconds_per_second
-	return int64(math.Max(1, float64(as.maxPass()*as.windows)*(as.minRt()/1e3)))
+	maxFlight := float64(as.maxPass()) * as.minRt() * as.windowScale
+	return mathx.AtLeast(maxFlight, 1)
 }
 
 func (as *adaptiveShedder) maxPass() int64 {
-	var result float64 = 1
+	var result int64 = 1
 
-	as.passCounter.Reduce(func(b *collection.Bucket) {
+	as.passCounter.Reduce(func(b *collection.Bucket[int64]) {
 		if b.Sum > result {
 			result = b.Sum
 		}
 	})
 
-	return int64(result)
+	return result
 }
 
 func (as *adaptiveShedder) minRt() float64 {
+	// if no requests in previous windows, return defaultMinRt,
+	// its a reasonable large value to avoid dropping requests.
 	result := defaultMinRt
 
-	as.rtCounter.Reduce(func(b *collection.Bucket) {
+	as.rtCounter.Reduce(func(b *collection.Bucket[int64]) {
 		if b.Count <= 0 {
 			return
 		}
 
-		avg := math.Round(b.Sum / float64(b.Count))
+		avg := math.Round(float64(b.Sum) / float64(b.Count))
 		if avg < result {
 			result = avg
 		}
@@ -190,6 +198,13 @@ func (as *adaptiveShedder) minRt() float64 {
 	return result
 }
 
+func (as *adaptiveShedder) overloadFactor() float64 {
+	// as.cpuThreshold must be less than cpuMax
+	factor := (cpuMax - float64(stat.CpuUsage())) / (cpuMax - float64(as.cpuThreshold))
+	// at least accept 10% of acceptable requests, even cpu is highly overloaded.
+	return mathx.Between(factor, overloadFactorLowerBound, 1)
+}
+
 func (as *adaptiveShedder) shouldDrop() bool {
 	if as.systemOverloaded() || as.stillHot() {
 		if as.highThru() {
@@ -236,14 +251,14 @@ func (as *adaptiveShedder) systemOverloaded() bool {
 	return true
 }
 
-// WithBuckets customizes the Shedder with given number of buckets.
+// WithBuckets customizes the Shedder with the given number of buckets.
 func WithBuckets(buckets int) ShedderOption {
 	return func(opts *shedderOptions) {
 		opts.buckets = buckets
 	}
 }
 
-// WithCpuThreshold customizes the Shedder with given cpu threshold.
+// WithCpuThreshold customizes the Shedder with the given cpu threshold.
 func WithCpuThreshold(threshold int64) ShedderOption {
 	return func(opts *shedderOptions) {
 		opts.cpuThreshold = threshold
@@ -269,6 +284,6 @@ func (p *promise) Fail() {
 func (p *promise) Pass() {
 	rt := float64(timex.Since(p.start)) / float64(time.Millisecond)
 	p.shedder.addFlying(-1)
-	p.shedder.rtCounter.Add(math.Ceil(rt))
+	p.shedder.rtCounter.Add(int64(math.Ceil(rt)))
 	p.shedder.passCounter.Add(1)
 }

core/load/adaptiveshedder_test.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 const (
 	buckets        = 10
 	bucketDuration = time.Millisecond * 50
+	windowFactor   = 0.01
 )
 
 func init() {
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ func TestAdaptiveShedder(t *testing.T) {
 func TestAdaptiveShedderMaxPass(t *testing.T) {
 	passCounter := newRollingWindow()
 	for i := 1; i <= 10; i++ {
-		passCounter.Add(float64(i * 100))
+		passCounter.Add(int64(i * 100))
 		time.Sleep(bucketDuration)
 	}
 	shedder := &adaptiveShedder{
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ func TestAdaptiveShedderMinRt(t *testing.T) {
 			time.Sleep(bucketDuration)
 		}
 		for j := i*10 + 1; j <= i*10+10; j++ {
-			rtCounter.Add(float64(j))
+			rtCounter.Add(int64(j))
 		}
 	}
 	shedder := &adaptiveShedder{
@@ -106,18 +107,18 @@ func TestAdaptiveShedderMaxFlight(t *testing.T) {
 		if i > 0 {
 			time.Sleep(bucketDuration)
 		}
-		passCounter.Add(float64((i + 1) * 100))
+		passCounter.Add(int64((i + 1) * 100))
 		for j := i*10 + 1; j <= i*10+10; j++ {
-			rtCounter.Add(float64(j))
+			rtCounter.Add(int64(j))
 		}
 	}
 	shedder := &adaptiveShedder{
 		passCounter:     passCounter,
 		rtCounter:       rtCounter,
-		windows:         buckets,
+		windowScale:     windowFactor,
 		droppedRecently: syncx.NewAtomicBool(),
 	}
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(54), shedder.maxFlight())
+	assert.Equal(t, float64(54), shedder.maxFlight())
 }
 
 func TestAdaptiveShedderShouldDrop(t *testing.T) {
@@ -128,15 +129,15 @@ func TestAdaptiveShedderShouldDrop(t *testing.T) {
 		if i > 0 {
 			time.Sleep(bucketDuration)
 		}
-		passCounter.Add(float64((i + 1) * 100))
+		passCounter.Add(int64((i + 1) * 100))
 		for j := i*10 + 1; j <= i*10+10; j++ {
-			rtCounter.Add(float64(j))
+			rtCounter.Add(int64(j))
 		}
 	}
 	shedder := &adaptiveShedder{
 		passCounter:     passCounter,
 		rtCounter:       rtCounter,
-		windows:         buckets,
+		windowScale:     windowFactor,
 		overloadTime:    syncx.NewAtomicDuration(),
 		droppedRecently: syncx.NewAtomicBool(),
 	}
@@ -149,7 +150,8 @@ func TestAdaptiveShedderShouldDrop(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// cpu >=  800, inflight > maxPass
 	shedder.avgFlying = 80
-	shedder.flying = 50
+	// because of the overloadFactor, so we need to make sure maxFlight is greater than flying
+	shedder.flying = int64(shedder.maxFlight()*shedder.overloadFactor()) - 5
 	assert.False(t, shedder.shouldDrop())
 
 	// cpu >=  800, inflight > maxPass
@@ -182,15 +184,15 @@ func TestAdaptiveShedderStillHot(t *testing.T) {
 		if i > 0 {
 			time.Sleep(bucketDuration)
 		}
-		passCounter.Add(float64((i + 1) * 100))
+		passCounter.Add(int64((i + 1) * 100))
 		for j := i*10 + 1; j <= i*10+10; j++ {
-			rtCounter.Add(float64(j))
+			rtCounter.Add(int64(j))
 		}
 	}
 	shedder := &adaptiveShedder{
 		passCounter:     passCounter,
 		rtCounter:       rtCounter,
-		windows:         buckets,
+		windowScale:     windowFactor,
 		overloadTime:    syncx.NewAtomicDuration(),
 		droppedRecently: syncx.ForAtomicBool(true),
 	}
@@ -239,6 +241,32 @@ func BenchmarkAdaptiveShedder_Allow(b *testing.B) {
 	b.Run("low load", bench)
 }
 
-func newRollingWindow() *collection.RollingWindow {
+func BenchmarkMaxFlight(b *testing.B) {
-	return collection.NewRollingWindow(buckets, bucketDuration, collection.IgnoreCurrentBucket())
+	passCounter := newRollingWindow()
+	rtCounter := newRollingWindow()
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		if i > 0 {
+			time.Sleep(bucketDuration)
+		}
+		passCounter.Add(int64((i + 1) * 100))
+		for j := i*10 + 1; j <= i*10+10; j++ {
+			rtCounter.Add(int64(j))
+		}
+	}
+	shedder := &adaptiveShedder{
+		passCounter:     passCounter,
+		rtCounter:       rtCounter,
+		windowScale:     windowFactor,
+		droppedRecently: syncx.NewAtomicBool(),
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		_ = shedder.maxFlight()
+	}
+}
+
+func newRollingWindow() *collection.RollingWindow[int64, *collection.Bucket[int64]] {
+	return collection.NewRollingWindow[int64, *collection.Bucket[int64]](func() *collection.Bucket[int64] {
+		return new(collection.Bucket[int64])
+	}, buckets, bucketDuration, collection.IgnoreCurrentBucket[int64, *collection.Bucket[int64]]())
 }

core/load/sheddergroup.go

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/syncx"
 )
 
-// A ShedderGroup is a manager to manage key based shedders.
+// A ShedderGroup is a manager to manage key-based shedders.
 type ShedderGroup struct {
 	options []ShedderOption
 	manager *syncx.ResourceManager

core/logc/logs.go

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func Debugv(ctx context.Context, v interface{}) {
 	getLogger(ctx).Debugv(v)
 }
 
-// Debugw writes msg along with fields into access log.
+// Debugw writes msg along with fields into the access log.
 func Debugw(ctx context.Context, msg string, fields ...LogField) {
 	getLogger(ctx).Debugw(msg, fields...)
 }
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func Errorv(ctx context.Context, v any) {
 	getLogger(ctx).Errorv(v)
 }
 
-// Errorw writes msg along with fields into error log.
+// Errorw writes msg along with fields into the error log.
 func Errorw(ctx context.Context, msg string, fields ...LogField) {
 	getLogger(ctx).Errorw(msg, fields...)
 }
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func Infov(ctx context.Context, v any) {
 	getLogger(ctx).Infov(v)
 }
 
-// Infow writes msg along with fields into access log.
+// Infow writes msg along with fields into the access log.
 func Infow(ctx context.Context, msg string, fields ...LogField) {
 	getLogger(ctx).Infow(msg, fields...)
 }
@@ -108,10 +108,11 @@ func SetLevel(level uint32) {
 	logx.SetLevel(level)
 }
 
-// SetUp sets up the logx. If already set up, just return nil.
+// SetUp sets up the logx.
-// we allow SetUp to be called multiple times, because for example
+// If already set up, return nil.
+// We allow SetUp to be called multiple times, because, for example,
 // we need to allow different service frameworks to initialize logx respectively.
-// the same logic for SetUp
+// The same logic for SetUp
 func SetUp(c LogConf) error {
 	return logx.SetUp(c)
 }

core/logx/config.go

@@ -42,4 +42,6 @@ type LogConf struct {
 	// daily: daily rotation.
 	// size: size limited rotation.
 	Rotation string `json:",default=daily,options=[daily,size]"`
+	// FileTimeFormat represents the time format for file name, default is `2006-01-02T15:04:05.000Z07:00`.
+	FileTimeFormat string `json:",optional"`
 }

core/logx/lesslogger.go

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 package logx
 
-// A LessLogger is a logger that control to log once during the given duration.
+// A LessLogger is a logger that controls to log once during the given duration.
 type LessLogger struct {
 	*limitedExecutor
 }

core/logx/logger.go

@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ import (
 
 // A Logger represents a logger.
 type Logger interface {
-	// Debug logs a message at info level.
+	// Debug logs a message at debug level.
 	Debug(...any)
-	// Debugf logs a message at info level.
+	// Debugf logs a message at debug level.
 	Debugf(string, ...any)
-	// Debugv logs a message at info level.
+	// Debugv logs a message at debug level.
 	Debugv(any)
-	// Debugw logs a message at info level.
+	// Debugw logs a message at debug level.
 	Debugw(string, ...LogField)
 	// Error logs a message at error level.
 	Error(...any)

core/logx/logs.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"log"
 	"os"
 	"path"
+	"reflect"
 	"runtime/debug"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
@@ -17,14 +18,13 @@ import (
 const callerDepth = 4
 
 var (
-	timeFormat = "2006-01-02T15:04:05.000Z07:00"
+	timeFormat        = "2006-01-02T15:04:05.000Z07:00"
-	logLevel   uint32
 	encoding   uint32 = jsonEncodingType
 	// maxContentLength is used to truncate the log content, 0 for not truncating.
 	maxContentLength uint32
 	// use uint32 for atomic operations
-	disableLog  uint32
 	disableStat uint32
+	logLevel    uint32
 	options     logOptions
 	writer      = new(atomicWriter)
 	setupOnce   sync.Once
@@ -52,6 +52,26 @@ type (
 	}
 )
 
+// AddWriter adds a new writer.
+// If there is already a writer, the new writer will be added to the writer chain.
+// For example, to write logs to both file and console, if there is already a file writer,
+// ```go
+// logx.AddWriter(logx.NewWriter(os.Stdout))
+// ```
+func AddWriter(w Writer) {
+	ow := Reset()
+	if ow == nil {
+		SetWriter(w)
+	} else {
+		// no need to check if the existing writer is a comboWriter,
+		// because it is not common to add more than one writer.
+		// even more than one writer, the behavior is the same.
+		SetWriter(comboWriter{
+			writers: []Writer{ow, w},
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 // Alert alerts v in alert level, and the message is written to error log.
 func Alert(v string) {
 	getWriter().Alert(v)
@@ -87,7 +107,7 @@ func Debugv(v any) {
 	}
 }
 
-// Debugw writes msg along with fields into access log.
+// Debugw writes msg along with fields into the access log.
 func Debugw(msg string, fields ...LogField) {
 	if shallLog(DebugLevel) {
 		writeDebug(msg, fields...)
@@ -96,7 +116,7 @@ func Debugw(msg string, fields ...LogField) {
 
 // Disable disables the logging.
 func Disable() {
-	atomic.StoreUint32(&disableLog, 1)
+	atomic.StoreUint32(&logLevel, disableLevel)
 	writer.Store(nopWriter{})
 }
 
@@ -143,7 +163,7 @@ func Errorv(v any) {
 	}
 }
 
-// Errorw writes msg along with fields into error log.
+// Errorw writes msg along with fields into the error log.
 func Errorw(msg string, fields ...LogField) {
 	if shallLog(ErrorLevel) {
 		writeError(msg, fields...)
@@ -154,11 +174,11 @@ func Errorw(msg string, fields ...LogField) {
 func Field(key string, value any) LogField {
 	switch val := value.(type) {
 	case error:
-		return LogField{Key: key, Value: val.Error()}
+		return LogField{Key: key, Value: encodeError(val)}
 	case []error:
 		var errs []string
 		for _, err := range val {
-			errs = append(errs, err.Error())
+			errs = append(errs, encodeError(err))
 		}
 		return LogField{Key: key, Value: errs}
 	case time.Duration:
@@ -176,11 +196,11 @@ func Field(key string, value any) LogField {
 		}
 		return LogField{Key: key, Value: times}
 	case fmt.Stringer:
-		return LogField{Key: key, Value: val.String()}
+		return LogField{Key: key, Value: encodeStringer(val)}
 	case []fmt.Stringer:
 		var strs []string
 		for _, str := range val {
-			strs = append(strs, str.String())
+			strs = append(strs, encodeStringer(str))
 		}
 		return LogField{Key: key, Value: strs}
 	default:
@@ -209,7 +229,7 @@ func Infov(v any) {
 	}
 }
 
-// Infow writes msg along with fields into access log.
+// Infow writes msg along with fields into the access log.
 func Infow(msg string, fields ...LogField) {
 	if shallLog(InfoLevel) {
 		writeInfo(msg, fields...)
@@ -250,16 +270,17 @@ func SetLevel(level uint32) {
 
 // SetWriter sets the logging writer. It can be used to customize the logging.
 func SetWriter(w Writer) {
-	if atomic.LoadUint32(&disableLog) == 0 {
+	if atomic.LoadUint32(&logLevel) != disableLevel {
 		writer.Store(w)
 	}
 }
 
-// SetUp sets up the logx. If already set up, just return nil.
+// SetUp sets up the logx.
-// we allow SetUp to be called multiple times, because for example
+// If already set up, return nil.
+// We allow SetUp to be called multiple times, because, for example,
 // we need to allow different service frameworks to initialize logx respectively.
 func SetUp(c LogConf) (err error) {
-	// Just ignore the subsequent SetUp calls.
+	// Ignore the later SetUp calls.
 	// Because multiple services in one process might call SetUp respectively.
 	// Need to wait for the first caller to complete the execution.
 	setupOnce.Do(func() {
@@ -273,6 +294,10 @@ func SetUp(c LogConf) (err error) {
 			timeFormat = c.TimeFormat
 		}
 
+		if len(c.FileTimeFormat) > 0 {
+			fileTimeFormat = c.FileTimeFormat
+		}
+
 		atomic.StoreUint32(&maxContentLength, c.MaxContentLength)
 
 		switch c.Encoding {
@@ -414,6 +439,32 @@ func createOutput(path string) (io.WriteCloser, error) {
 	return NewLogger(path, rule, options.gzipEnabled)
 }
 
+func encodeError(err error) (ret string) {
+	return encodeWithRecover(err, func() string {
+		return err.Error()
+	})
+}
+
+func encodeStringer(v fmt.Stringer) (ret string) {
+	return encodeWithRecover(v, func() string {
+		return v.String()
+	})
+}
+
+func encodeWithRecover(arg any, fn func() string) (ret string) {
+	defer func() {
+		if err := recover(); err != nil {
+			if v := reflect.ValueOf(arg); v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && v.IsNil() {
+				ret = nilAngleString
+			} else {
+				ret = fmt.Sprintf("panic: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return fn()
+}
+
 func getWriter() Writer {
 	w := writer.Load()
 	if w == nil {
@@ -481,7 +532,7 @@ func writeDebug(val any, fields ...LogField) {
 	getWriter().Debug(val, addCaller(fields...)...)
 }
 
-// writeError writes v into error log.
+// writeError writes v into the error log.
 // Not checking shallLog here is for performance consideration.
 // If we check shallLog here, the fmt.Sprint might be called even if the log level is not enabled.
 // The caller should check shallLog before calling this function.
@@ -521,7 +572,7 @@ func writeStack(msg string) {
 	getWriter().Stack(fmt.Sprintf("%s\n%s", msg, string(debug.Stack())))
 }
 
-// writeStat writes v into stat log.
+// writeStat writes v into the stat log.
 // Not checking shallLog here is for performance consideration.
 // If we check shallLog here, the fmt.Sprint might be called even if the log level is not enabled.
 // The caller should check shallLog before calling this function.

core/logx/logs_test.go

@@ -348,6 +348,27 @@ func TestStructedLogInfow(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestStructedLogFieldNil(t *testing.T) {
+	w := new(mockWriter)
+	old := writer.Swap(w)
+	defer writer.Store(old)
+
+	assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
+		var s *string
+		Infow("test", Field("bb", s))
+		var d *nilStringer
+		Infow("test", Field("bb", d))
+		var e *nilError
+		Errorw("test", Field("bb", e))
+	})
+	assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
+		var p panicStringer
+		Infow("test", Field("bb", p))
+		var ps innerPanicStringer
+		Infow("test", Field("bb", ps))
+	})
+}
+
 func TestStructedLogInfoConsoleAny(t *testing.T) {
 	w := new(mockWriter)
 	old := writer.Swap(w)
@@ -570,7 +591,7 @@ func TestErrorfWithWrappedError(t *testing.T) {
 	old := writer.Swap(w)
 	defer writer.Store(old)
 
-	Errorf("hello %w", errors.New(message))
+	Errorf("hello %s", errors.New(message))
 	assert.True(t, strings.Contains(w.String(), "hello there"))
 }
 
@@ -658,6 +679,10 @@ func TestSetup(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestDisable(t *testing.T) {
 	Disable()
+	defer func() {
+		SetLevel(InfoLevel)
+		atomic.StoreUint32(&encoding, jsonEncodingType)
+	}()
 
 	var opt logOptions
 	WithKeepDays(1)(&opt)
@@ -666,6 +691,7 @@ func TestDisable(t *testing.T) {
 	WithMaxSize(1024)(&opt)
 	assert.Nil(t, Close())
 	assert.Nil(t, Close())
+	assert.Equal(t, uint32(disableLevel), atomic.LoadUint32(&logLevel))
 }
 
 func TestDisableStat(t *testing.T) {
@@ -679,8 +705,19 @@ func TestDisableStat(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, w.builder.Len())
 }
 
+func TestAddWriter(t *testing.T) {
+	const message = "hello there"
+	w := new(mockWriter)
+	AddWriter(w)
+	w1 := new(mockWriter)
+	AddWriter(w1)
+	Error(message)
+	assert.Contains(t, w.String(), message)
+	assert.Contains(t, w1.String(), message)
+}
+
 func TestSetWriter(t *testing.T) {
-	atomic.StoreUint32(&disableLog, 0)
+	atomic.StoreUint32(&logLevel, 0)
 	Reset()
 	SetWriter(nopWriter{})
 	assert.NotNil(t, writer.Load())
@@ -813,12 +850,13 @@ func doTestStructedLogConsole(t *testing.T, w *mockWriter, write func(...any)) {
 func testSetLevelTwiceWithMode(t *testing.T, mode string, w *mockWriter) {
 	writer.Store(nil)
 	SetUp(LogConf{
-		Mode:       mode,
+		Mode:           mode,
-		Level:      "debug",
+		Level:          "debug",
-		Path:       "/dev/null",
+		Path:           "/dev/null",
-		Encoding:   plainEncoding,
+		Encoding:       plainEncoding,
-		Stat:       false,
+		Stat:           false,
-		TimeFormat: time.RFC3339,
+		TimeFormat:     time.RFC3339,
+		FileTimeFormat: time.DateTime,
 	})
 	SetUp(LogConf{
 		Mode:  mode,
@@ -858,3 +896,36 @@ func validateFields(t *testing.T, content string, fields map[string]any) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+type nilError struct {
+	Name string
+}
+
+func (e *nilError) Error() string {
+	return e.Name
+}
+
+type nilStringer struct {
+	Name string
+}
+
+func (s *nilStringer) String() string {
+	return s.Name
+}
+
+type innerPanicStringer struct {
+	Inner *struct {
+		Name string
+	}
+}
+
+func (s innerPanicStringer) String() string {
+	return s.Inner.Name
+}
+
+type panicStringer struct {
+}
+
+func (s panicStringer) String() string {
+	panic("panic")
+}

core/logx/readme.md

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ type LogConf struct {
 - `Compress`: whether or not to compress log files, only works with `file` mode.
 - `KeepDays`: how many days that the log files are kept, after the given days, the outdated files will be deleted automatically. It has no effect on `console` mode.
 - `StackCooldownMillis`: how many milliseconds to rewrite stacktrace again. It’s used to avoid stacktrace flooding.
-- `MaxBackups`: represents how many backup log files will be kept. 0 means all files will be kept forever. Only take effect when `Rotation` is `size`. NOTE: the level of option `KeepDays` will be higher. Even thougth `MaxBackups` sets 0, log files will still be removed if the `KeepDays` limitation is reached.
+- `MaxBackups`: represents how many backup log files will be kept. 0 means all files will be kept forever. Only take effect when `Rotation` is `size`. NOTE: the level of option `KeepDays` will be higher. Even though `MaxBackups` sets 0, log files will still be removed if the `KeepDays` limitation is reached.
 - `MaxSize`: represents how much space the writing log file takes up. 0 means no limit. The unit is `MB`. Only take effect when `Rotation` is `size`.
 - `Rotation`: represents the type of log rotation rule. Default is `daily`.
   - `daily` rotate the logs by day.

core/logx/richlogger.go

@@ -41,67 +41,99 @@ type richLogger struct {
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) Debug(v ...any) {
-	l.debug(fmt.Sprint(v...))
+	if shallLog(DebugLevel) {
+		l.debug(fmt.Sprint(v...))
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) Debugf(format string, v ...any) {
-	l.debug(fmt.Sprintf(format, v...))
+	if shallLog(DebugLevel) {
+		l.debug(fmt.Sprintf(format, v...))
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) Debugv(v any) {
-	l.debug(v)
+	if shallLog(DebugLevel) {
+		l.debug(v)
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) Debugw(msg string, fields ...LogField) {
-	l.debug(msg, fields...)
+	if shallLog(DebugLevel) {
+		l.debug(msg, fields...)
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) Error(v ...any) {
-	l.err(fmt.Sprint(v...))
+	if shallLog(ErrorLevel) {
+		l.err(fmt.Sprint(v...))
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) Errorf(format string, v ...any) {
-	l.err(fmt.Sprintf(format, v...))
+	if shallLog(ErrorLevel) {
+		l.err(fmt.Sprintf(format, v...))
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) Errorv(v any) {
-	l.err(v)
+	if shallLog(ErrorLevel) {
+		l.err(v)
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) Errorw(msg string, fields ...LogField) {
-	l.err(msg, fields...)
+	if shallLog(ErrorLevel) {
+		l.err(msg, fields...)
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) Info(v ...any) {
-	l.info(fmt.Sprint(v...))
+	if shallLog(InfoLevel) {
+		l.info(fmt.Sprint(v...))
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) Infof(format string, v ...any) {
-	l.info(fmt.Sprintf(format, v...))
+	if shallLog(InfoLevel) {
+		l.info(fmt.Sprintf(format, v...))
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) Infov(v any) {
-	l.info(v)
+	if shallLog(InfoLevel) {
+		l.info(v)
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) Infow(msg string, fields ...LogField) {
-	l.info(msg, fields...)
+	if shallLog(InfoLevel) {
+		l.info(msg, fields...)
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) Slow(v ...any) {
-	l.slow(fmt.Sprint(v...))
+	if shallLog(ErrorLevel) {
+		l.slow(fmt.Sprint(v...))
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) Slowf(format string, v ...any) {
-	l.slow(fmt.Sprintf(format, v...))
+	if shallLog(ErrorLevel) {
+		l.slow(fmt.Sprintf(format, v...))
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) Slowv(v any) {
-	l.slow(v)
+	if shallLog(ErrorLevel) {
+		l.slow(v)
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) Sloww(msg string, fields ...LogField) {
-	l.slow(msg, fields...)
+	if shallLog(ErrorLevel) {
+		l.slow(msg, fields...)
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) WithCallerSkip(skip int) Logger {
@@ -109,23 +141,43 @@ func (l *richLogger) WithCallerSkip(skip int) Logger {
 		return l
 	}
 
-	l.callerSkip = skip
+	return &richLogger{
-	return l
+		ctx:        l.ctx,
+		callerSkip: skip,
+		fields:     l.fields,
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) WithContext(ctx context.Context) Logger {
-	l.ctx = ctx
+	return &richLogger{
-	return l
+		ctx:        ctx,
+		callerSkip: l.callerSkip,
+		fields:     l.fields,
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) WithDuration(duration time.Duration) Logger {
-	l.fields = append(l.fields, Field(durationKey, timex.ReprOfDuration(duration)))
+	fields := append(l.fields, Field(durationKey, timex.ReprOfDuration(duration)))
-	return l
+
+	return &richLogger{
+		ctx:        l.ctx,
+		callerSkip: l.callerSkip,
+		fields:     fields,
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) WithFields(fields ...LogField) Logger {
-	l.fields = append(l.fields, fields...)
+	if len(fields) == 0 {
-	return l
+		return l
+	}
+
+	f := append(l.fields, fields...)
+
+	return &richLogger{
+		ctx:        l.ctx,
+		callerSkip: l.callerSkip,
+		fields:     f,
+	}
 }
 
 func (l *richLogger) buildFields(fields ...LogField) []LogField {

core/logx/richlogger_test.go

@@ -287,6 +287,54 @@ func TestLogWithCallerSkip(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, w.Contains(fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", file, line+1)))
 }
 
+func TestLogWithCallerSkipCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	log1 := WithCallerSkip(2)
+	log2 := log1.WithCallerSkip(3)
+	log3 := log2.WithCallerSkip(-1)
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, log1.(*richLogger).callerSkip)
+	assert.Equal(t, 3, log2.(*richLogger).callerSkip)
+	assert.Equal(t, 3, log3.(*richLogger).callerSkip)
+}
+
+func TestLogWithContextCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	c1 := context.Background()
+	c2 := context.WithValue(context.Background(), "foo", "bar")
+	log1 := WithContext(c1)
+	log2 := log1.WithContext(c2)
+	assert.Equal(t, c1, log1.(*richLogger).ctx)
+	assert.Equal(t, c2, log2.(*richLogger).ctx)
+}
+
+func TestLogWithDurationCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	log1 := WithContext(context.Background())
+	log2 := log1.WithDuration(time.Second)
+	assert.Empty(t, log1.(*richLogger).fields)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(log2.(*richLogger).fields))
+
+	var w mockWriter
+	old := writer.Swap(&w)
+	defer writer.Store(old)
+	log2.Info("hello")
+	assert.Contains(t, w.String(), `"duration":"1000.0ms"`)
+}
+
+func TestLogWithFieldsCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	log1 := WithContext(context.Background())
+	log2 := log1.WithFields(Field("foo", "bar"))
+	log3 := log1.WithFields()
+	assert.Empty(t, log1.(*richLogger).fields)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(log2.(*richLogger).fields))
+	assert.Equal(t, log1, log3)
+	assert.Empty(t, log3.(*richLogger).fields)
+
+	var w mockWriter
+	old := writer.Swap(&w)
+	defer writer.Store(old)
+
+	log2.Info("hello")
+	assert.Contains(t, w.String(), `"foo":"bar"`)
+}
+
 func TestLoggerWithFields(t *testing.T) {
 	w := new(mockWriter)
 	old := writer.Swap(w)

core/logx/rotatelogger.go

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ import (
 
 const (
 	dateFormat      = "2006-01-02"
-	fileTimeFormat  = time.RFC3339
 	hoursPerDay     = 24
 	bufferSize      = 100
 	defaultDirMode  = 0o755
@@ -28,8 +27,12 @@ const (
 	megaBytes       = 1 << 20
 )
 
-// ErrLogFileClosed is an error that indicates the log file is already closed.
+var (
-var ErrLogFileClosed = errors.New("error: log file closed")
+	// ErrLogFileClosed is an error that indicates the log file is already closed.
+	ErrLogFileClosed = errors.New("error: log file closed")
+
+	fileTimeFormat = time.RFC3339
+)
 
 type (
 	// A RotateRule interface is used to define the log rotating rules.
@@ -298,6 +301,7 @@ func (l *RotateLogger) initialize() error {
 		if l.fp, err = os.OpenFile(l.filename, os.O_APPEND|os.O_WRONLY, defaultFileMode); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
+
 		l.currentSize = fileInfo.Size()
 	}
 
@@ -318,7 +322,7 @@ func (l *RotateLogger) maybeCompressFile(file string) {
 	}()
 
 	if _, err := os.Stat(file); err != nil {
-		// file not exists or other error, ignore compression
+		// file doesn't exist or another error, ignore compression
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -381,7 +385,15 @@ func (l *RotateLogger) startWorker() {
 			case event := <-l.channel:
 				l.write(event)
 			case <-l.done:
-				return
+				// avoid losing logs before closing.
+				for {
+					select {
+					case event := <-l.channel:
+						l.write(event)
+					default:
+						return
+					}
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}()

core/logx/rotatelogger_test.go

@@ -206,6 +206,27 @@ func TestRotateLoggerClose(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err := logger.Write([]byte("foo"))
 		assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrLogFileClosed)
 	})
+
+	t.Run("close without losing logs", func(t *testing.T) {
+		text := "foo"
+		filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(text)
+		assert.Nil(t, err)
+		if len(filename) > 0 {
+			defer os.Remove(filename)
+		}
+		logger, err := NewLogger(filename, new(DailyRotateRule), false)
+		assert.Nil(t, err)
+		msg := []byte("foo")
+		n := 100
+		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+			_, err = logger.Write(msg)
+			assert.Nil(t, err)
+		}
+		assert.Nil(t, logger.Close())
+		bs, err := os.ReadFile(filename)
+		assert.Nil(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, len(msg)*n+len(text), len(bs))
+	})
 }
 
 func TestRotateLoggerGetBackupFilename(t *testing.T) {
@@ -496,6 +517,21 @@ func TestGzipFile(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestRotateLogger_WithExistingFile(t *testing.T) {
+	const body = "foo"
+	filename, err := fs.TempFilenameWithText(body)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	if len(filename) > 0 {
+		defer os.Remove(filename)
+	}
+
+	rule := NewSizeLimitRotateRule(filename, "-", 1, 100, 3, false)
+	logger, err := NewLogger(filename, rule, false)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(len(body)), logger.currentSize)
+	assert.Nil(t, logger.Close())
+}
+
 func BenchmarkRotateLogger(b *testing.B) {
 	filename := "./test.log"
 	filename2 := "./test2.log"

core/logx/vars.go

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ const (
 	ErrorLevel
 	// SevereLevel only log severe messages
 	SevereLevel
+	// disableLevel doesn't log any messages
+	disableLevel = 0xff
 )
 
 const (
@@ -46,6 +48,7 @@ const (
 	levelDebug  = "debug"
 
 	backupFileDelimiter = "-"
+	nilAngleString      = "<nil>"
 	flags               = 0x0
 )
 

core/logx/writer.go

@@ -7,11 +7,13 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"log"
 	"path"
+	"runtime/debug"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 
 	fatihcolor "github.com/fatih/color"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/color"
+	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/errorx"
 )
 
 type (
@@ -32,6 +34,10 @@ type (
 		lock   sync.RWMutex
 	}
 
+	comboWriter struct {
+		writers []Writer
+	}
+
 	concreteWriter struct {
 		infoLog   io.WriteCloser
 		errorLog  io.WriteCloser
@@ -87,6 +93,62 @@ func (w *atomicWriter) Swap(v Writer) Writer {
 	return old
 }
 
+func (c comboWriter) Alert(v any) {
+	for _, w := range c.writers {
+		w.Alert(v)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c comboWriter) Close() error {
+	var be errorx.BatchError
+	for _, w := range c.writers {
+		be.Add(w.Close())
+	}
+	return be.Err()
+}
+
+func (c comboWriter) Debug(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	for _, w := range c.writers {
+		w.Debug(v, fields...)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c comboWriter) Error(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	for _, w := range c.writers {
+		w.Error(v, fields...)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c comboWriter) Info(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	for _, w := range c.writers {
+		w.Info(v, fields...)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c comboWriter) Severe(v any) {
+	for _, w := range c.writers {
+		w.Severe(v)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c comboWriter) Slow(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	for _, w := range c.writers {
+		w.Slow(v, fields...)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c comboWriter) Stack(v any) {
+	for _, w := range c.writers {
+		w.Stack(v)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c comboWriter) Stat(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	for _, w := range c.writers {
+		w.Stat(v, fields...)
+	}
+}
+
 func newConsoleWriter() Writer {
 	outLog := newLogWriter(log.New(fatihcolor.Output, "", flags))
 	errLog := newLogWriter(log.New(fatihcolor.Error, "", flags))
@@ -253,11 +315,10 @@ func (n nopWriter) Stack(_ any) {
 func (n nopWriter) Stat(_ any, _ ...LogField) {
 }
 
-func buildPlainFields(fields ...LogField) []string {
+func buildPlainFields(fields logEntry) []string {
-	var items []string
+	items := make([]string, 0, len(fields))
-
+	for k, v := range fields {
-	for _, field := range fields {
+		items = append(items, fmt.Sprintf("%s=%+v", k, v))
-		items = append(items, fmt.Sprintf("%s=%+v", field.Key, field.Value))
 	}
 
 	return items
@@ -277,6 +338,20 @@ func combineGlobalFields(fields []LogField) []LogField {
 	return ret
 }
 
+func marshalJson(t interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	encoder := json.NewEncoder(&buf)
+	encoder.SetEscapeHTML(false)
+	err := encoder.Encode(t)
+	// go 1.5+ will append a newline to the end of the json string
+	// https://github.com/golang/go/issues/13520
+	if l := buf.Len(); l > 0 && buf.Bytes()[l-1] == '\n' {
+		buf.Truncate(l - 1)
+	}
+
+	return buf.Bytes(), err
+}
+
 func output(writer io.Writer, level string, val any, fields ...LogField) {
 	// only truncate string content, don't know how to truncate the values of other types.
 	if v, ok := val.(string); ok {
@@ -288,15 +363,17 @@ func output(writer io.Writer, level string, val any, fields ...LogField) {
 	}
 
 	fields = combineGlobalFields(fields)
+	// +3 for timestamp, level and content
+	entry := make(logEntry, len(fields)+3)
+	for _, field := range fields {
+		entry[field.Key] = field.Value
+	}
 
 	switch atomic.LoadUint32(&encoding) {
 	case plainEncodingType:
-		writePlainAny(writer, level, val, buildPlainFields(fields...)...)
+		plainFields := buildPlainFields(entry)
+		writePlainAny(writer, level, val, plainFields...)
 	default:
-		entry := make(logEntry)
-		for _, field := range fields {
-			entry[field.Key] = field.Value
-		}
 		entry[timestampKey] = getTimestamp()
 		entry[levelKey] = level
 		entry[contentKey] = val
@@ -331,12 +408,14 @@ func wrapLevelWithColor(level string) string {
 }
 
 func writeJson(writer io.Writer, info any) {
-	if content, err := json.Marshal(info); err != nil {
+	if content, err := marshalJson(info); err != nil {
-		log.Println(err.Error())
+		log.Printf("err: %s\n\n%s", err.Error(), debug.Stack())
 	} else if writer == nil {
 		log.Println(string(content))
 	} else {
-		writer.Write(append(content, '\n'))
+		if _, err := writer.Write(append(content, '\n')); err != nil {
+			log.Println(err.Error())
+		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -384,7 +463,7 @@ func writePlainValue(writer io.Writer, level string, val any, fields ...string)
 	buf.WriteString(level)
 	buf.WriteByte(plainEncodingSep)
 	if err := json.NewEncoder(&buf).Encode(val); err != nil {
-		log.Println(err.Error())
+		log.Printf("err: %s\n\n%s", err.Error(), debug.Stack())
 		return
 	}
 

core/logx/writer_test.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
 )
 
 func TestNewWriter(t *testing.T) {
@@ -126,9 +127,23 @@ func TestWriteJson(t *testing.T) {
 	log.SetOutput(&buf)
 	writeJson(nil, "foo")
 	assert.Contains(t, buf.String(), "foo")
+
+	buf.Reset()
+	writeJson(hardToWriteWriter{}, "foo")
+	assert.Contains(t, buf.String(), "write error")
+
 	buf.Reset()
 	writeJson(nil, make(chan int))
 	assert.Contains(t, buf.String(), "unsupported type")
+
+	buf.Reset()
+	type C struct {
+		RC func()
+	}
+	writeJson(nil, C{
+		RC: func() {},
+	})
+	assert.Contains(t, buf.String(), "runtime/debug.Stack")
 }
 
 func TestWritePlainAny(t *testing.T) {
@@ -165,6 +180,49 @@ func TestWritePlainAny(t *testing.T) {
 	writePlainAny(hardToWriteWriter{}, levelFatal, "foo")
 	assert.Contains(t, buf.String(), "write error")
 
+	buf.Reset()
+	type C struct {
+		RC func()
+	}
+	writePlainAny(nil, levelError, C{
+		RC: func() {},
+	})
+	assert.Contains(t, buf.String(), "runtime/debug.Stack")
+}
+
+func TestWritePlainDuplicate(t *testing.T) {
+	old := atomic.SwapUint32(&encoding, plainEncodingType)
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		atomic.StoreUint32(&encoding, old)
+	})
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	output(&buf, levelInfo, "foo", LogField{
+		Key:   "first",
+		Value: "a",
+	}, LogField{
+		Key:   "first",
+		Value: "b",
+	})
+	assert.Contains(t, buf.String(), "foo")
+	assert.NotContains(t, buf.String(), "first=a")
+	assert.Contains(t, buf.String(), "first=b")
+
+	buf.Reset()
+	output(&buf, levelInfo, "foo", LogField{
+		Key:   "first",
+		Value: "a",
+	}, LogField{
+		Key:   "first",
+		Value: "b",
+	}, LogField{
+		Key:   "second",
+		Value: "c",
+	})
+	assert.Contains(t, buf.String(), "foo")
+	assert.NotContains(t, buf.String(), "first=a")
+	assert.Contains(t, buf.String(), "first=b")
+	assert.Contains(t, buf.String(), "second=c")
 }
 
 func TestLogWithLimitContentLength(t *testing.T) {
@@ -197,6 +255,117 @@ func TestLogWithLimitContentLength(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestComboWriter(t *testing.T) {
+	var mockWriters []Writer
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		mockWriters = append(mockWriters, new(tracedWriter))
+	}
+
+	cw := comboWriter{
+		writers: mockWriters,
+	}
+
+	t.Run("Alert", func(t *testing.T) {
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).On("Alert", "test alert").Once()
+		}
+		cw.Alert("test alert")
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).AssertCalled(t, "Alert", "test alert")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Close", func(t *testing.T) {
+		for i := range cw.writers {
+			if i == 1 {
+				cw.writers[i].(*tracedWriter).On("Close").Return(errors.New("error")).Once()
+			} else {
+				cw.writers[i].(*tracedWriter).On("Close").Return(nil).Once()
+			}
+		}
+		err := cw.Close()
+		assert.Error(t, err)
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).AssertCalled(t, "Close")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Debug", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fields := []LogField{{Key: "key", Value: "value"}}
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).On("Debug", "test debug", fields).Once()
+		}
+		cw.Debug("test debug", fields...)
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).AssertCalled(t, "Debug", "test debug", fields)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Error", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fields := []LogField{{Key: "key", Value: "value"}}
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).On("Error", "test error", fields).Once()
+		}
+		cw.Error("test error", fields...)
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).AssertCalled(t, "Error", "test error", fields)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Info", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fields := []LogField{{Key: "key", Value: "value"}}
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).On("Info", "test info", fields).Once()
+		}
+		cw.Info("test info", fields...)
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).AssertCalled(t, "Info", "test info", fields)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Severe", func(t *testing.T) {
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).On("Severe", "test severe").Once()
+		}
+		cw.Severe("test severe")
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).AssertCalled(t, "Severe", "test severe")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Slow", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fields := []LogField{{Key: "key", Value: "value"}}
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).On("Slow", "test slow", fields).Once()
+		}
+		cw.Slow("test slow", fields...)
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).AssertCalled(t, "Slow", "test slow", fields)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Stack", func(t *testing.T) {
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).On("Stack", "test stack").Once()
+		}
+		cw.Stack("test stack")
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).AssertCalled(t, "Stack", "test stack")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Stat", func(t *testing.T) {
+		fields := []LogField{{Key: "key", Value: "value"}}
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).On("Stat", "test stat", fields).Once()
+		}
+		cw.Stat("test stat", fields...)
+		for _, mw := range cw.writers {
+			mw.(*tracedWriter).AssertCalled(t, "Stat", "test stat", fields)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
 type mockedEntry struct {
 	Level     string `json:"level"`
 	Content   string `json:"content"`
@@ -228,3 +397,44 @@ type hardToWriteWriter struct{}
 func (h hardToWriteWriter) Write(_ []byte) (_ int, _ error) {
 	return 0, errors.New("write error")
 }
+
+type tracedWriter struct {
+	mock.Mock
+}
+
+func (w *tracedWriter) Alert(v any) {
+	w.Called(v)
+}
+
+func (w *tracedWriter) Close() error {
+	args := w.Called()
+	return args.Error(0)
+}
+
+func (w *tracedWriter) Debug(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	w.Called(v, fields)
+}
+
+func (w *tracedWriter) Error(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	w.Called(v, fields)
+}
+
+func (w *tracedWriter) Info(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	w.Called(v, fields)
+}
+
+func (w *tracedWriter) Severe(v any) {
+	w.Called(v)
+}
+
+func (w *tracedWriter) Slow(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	w.Called(v, fields)
+}
+
+func (w *tracedWriter) Stack(v any) {
+	w.Called(v)
+}
+
+func (w *tracedWriter) Stat(v any, fields ...LogField) {
+	w.Called(v, fields)
+}

core/mapping/marshaler.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ const (
 )
 
 // Marshal marshals the given val and returns the map that contains the fields.
-// optional=another is not implemented, and it's hard to implement and not common used.
+// optional=another is not implemented, and it's hard to implement and not commonly used.
 func Marshal(val any) (map[string]map[string]any, error) {
 	ret := make(map[string]map[string]any)
 	tp := reflect.TypeOf(val)

core/mapping/unmarshaler.go

@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	defaultKeyName = "key"
+	defaultKeyName   = "key"
-	delimiter      = '.'
+	delimiter        = '.'
+	ignoreKey        = "-"
+	numberTypeString = "number"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ var (
 )
 
 type (
-	// Unmarshaler is used to unmarshal with given tag key.
+	// Unmarshaler is used to unmarshal with the given tag key.
 	Unmarshaler struct {
 		key  string
 		opts unmarshalOptions
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ type (
 	unmarshalOptions struct {
 		fillDefault  bool
 		fromString   bool
+		opaqueKeys   bool
 		canonicalKey func(key string) string
 	}
 )
@@ -66,13 +69,17 @@ func NewUnmarshaler(key string, opts ...UnmarshalOption) *Unmarshaler {
 	return &unmarshaler
 }
 
-// UnmarshalKey unmarshals m into v with tag key.
+// UnmarshalKey unmarshals m into v with the tag key.
 func UnmarshalKey(m map[string]any, v any) error {
 	return keyUnmarshaler.Unmarshal(m, v)
 }
 
 // Unmarshal unmarshals m into v.
-func (u *Unmarshaler) Unmarshal(i any, v any) error {
+func (u *Unmarshaler) Unmarshal(i, v any) error {
+	return u.unmarshal(i, v, "")
+}
+
+func (u *Unmarshaler) unmarshal(i, v any, fullName string) error {
 	valueType := reflect.TypeOf(v)
 	if valueType.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
 		return errValueNotSettable
@@ -85,13 +92,13 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) Unmarshal(i any, v any) error {
 			return errTypeMismatch
 		}
 
-		return u.UnmarshalValuer(mapValuer(iv), v)
+		return u.unmarshalValuer(mapValuer(iv), v, fullName)
 	case []any:
 		if elemType.Kind() != reflect.Slice {
 			return errTypeMismatch
 		}
 
-		return u.fillSlice(elemType, reflect.ValueOf(v).Elem(), iv)
+		return u.fillSlice(elemType, reflect.ValueOf(v).Elem(), iv, fullName)
 	default:
 		return errUnsupportedType
 	}
@@ -99,17 +106,22 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) Unmarshal(i any, v any) error {
 
 // UnmarshalValuer unmarshals m into v.
 func (u *Unmarshaler) UnmarshalValuer(m Valuer, v any) error {
-	return u.unmarshalWithFullName(simpleValuer{current: m}, v, "")
+	return u.unmarshalValuer(simpleValuer{current: m}, v, "")
 }
 
-func (u *Unmarshaler) fillMap(fieldType reflect.Type, value reflect.Value, mapValue any) error {
+func (u *Unmarshaler) unmarshalValuer(m Valuer, v any, fullName string) error {
+	return u.unmarshalWithFullName(simpleValuer{current: m}, v, fullName)
+}
+
+func (u *Unmarshaler) fillMap(fieldType reflect.Type, value reflect.Value,
+	mapValue any, fullName string) error {
 	if !value.CanSet() {
 		return errValueNotSettable
 	}
 
 	fieldKeyType := fieldType.Key()
 	fieldElemType := fieldType.Elem()
-	targetValue, err := u.generateMap(fieldKeyType, fieldElemType, mapValue)
+	targetValue, err := u.generateMap(fieldKeyType, fieldElemType, mapValue, fullName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -143,14 +155,15 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) fillMapFromString(value reflect.Value, mapValue any) error
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (u *Unmarshaler) fillSlice(fieldType reflect.Type, value reflect.Value, mapValue any) error {
+func (u *Unmarshaler) fillSlice(fieldType reflect.Type, value reflect.Value,
+	mapValue any, fullName string) error {
 	if !value.CanSet() {
 		return errValueNotSettable
 	}
 
 	refValue := reflect.ValueOf(mapValue)
 	if refValue.Kind() != reflect.Slice {
-		return errTypeMismatch
+		return newTypeMismatchErrorWithHint(fullName, reflect.Slice.String(), refValue.Type().String())
 	}
 	if refValue.IsNil() {
 		return nil
@@ -173,6 +186,8 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) fillSlice(fieldType reflect.Type, value reflect.Value, map
 		}
 
 		valid = true
+		sliceFullName := fmt.Sprintf("%s[%d]", fullName, i)
+
 		switch dereffedBaseKind {
 		case reflect.Struct:
 			target := reflect.New(dereffedBaseType)
@@ -181,17 +196,17 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) fillSlice(fieldType reflect.Type, value reflect.Value, map
 				return errTypeMismatch
 			}
 
-			if err := u.Unmarshal(val, target.Interface()); err != nil {
+			if err := u.unmarshal(val, target.Interface(), sliceFullName); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 
 			SetValue(fieldType.Elem(), conv.Index(i), target.Elem())
 		case reflect.Slice:
-			if err := u.fillSlice(dereffedBaseType, conv.Index(i), ithValue); err != nil {
+			if err := u.fillSlice(dereffedBaseType, conv.Index(i), ithValue, sliceFullName); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		default:
-			if err := u.fillSliceValue(conv, i, dereffedBaseKind, ithValue); err != nil {
+			if err := u.fillSliceValue(conv, i, dereffedBaseKind, ithValue, sliceFullName); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		}
@@ -205,16 +220,16 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) fillSlice(fieldType reflect.Type, value reflect.Value, map
 }
 
 func (u *Unmarshaler) fillSliceFromString(fieldType reflect.Type, value reflect.Value,
-	mapValue any) error {
+	mapValue any, fullName string) error {
 	var slice []any
 	switch v := mapValue.(type) {
 	case fmt.Stringer:
 		if err := jsonx.UnmarshalFromString(v.String(), &slice); err != nil {
-			return err
+			return fmt.Errorf("fullName: `%s`, error: `%w`", fullName, err)
 		}
 	case string:
 		if err := jsonx.UnmarshalFromString(v, &slice); err != nil {
-			return err
+			return fmt.Errorf("fullName: `%s`, error: `%w`", fullName, err)
 		}
 	default:
 		return errUnsupportedType
@@ -225,7 +240,7 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) fillSliceFromString(fieldType reflect.Type, value reflect.
 	conv := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(baseFieldType), len(slice), cap(slice))
 
 	for i := 0; i < len(slice); i++ {
-		if err := u.fillSliceValue(conv, i, baseFieldKind, slice[i]); err != nil {
+		if err := u.fillSliceValue(conv, i, baseFieldKind, slice[i], fullName); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -235,7 +250,11 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) fillSliceFromString(fieldType reflect.Type, value reflect.
 }
 
 func (u *Unmarshaler) fillSliceValue(slice reflect.Value, index int,
-	baseKind reflect.Kind, value any) error {
+	baseKind reflect.Kind, value any, fullName string) error {
+	if value == nil {
+		return errNilSliceElement
+	}
+
 	ithVal := slice.Index(index)
 	switch v := value.(type) {
 	case fmt.Stringer:
@@ -243,7 +262,7 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) fillSliceValue(slice reflect.Value, index int,
 	case string:
 		return setValueFromString(baseKind, ithVal, v)
 	case map[string]any:
-		return u.fillMap(ithVal.Type(), ithVal, value)
+		return u.fillMap(ithVal.Type(), ithVal, value, fullName)
 	default:
 		// don't need to consider the difference between int, int8, int16, int32, int64,
 		// uint, uint8, uint16, uint32, uint64, because they're handled as json.Number.
@@ -269,7 +288,7 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) fillSliceValue(slice reflect.Value, index int,
 }
 
 func (u *Unmarshaler) fillSliceWithDefault(derefedType reflect.Type, value reflect.Value,
-	defaultValue string) error {
+	defaultValue, fullName string) error {
 	baseFieldType := Deref(derefedType.Elem())
 	baseFieldKind := baseFieldType.Kind()
 	defaultCacheLock.Lock()
@@ -287,10 +306,37 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) fillSliceWithDefault(derefedType reflect.Type, value refle
 		defaultCacheLock.Unlock()
 	}
 
-	return u.fillSlice(derefedType, value, slice)
+	return u.fillSlice(derefedType, value, slice, fullName)
 }
 
-func (u *Unmarshaler) generateMap(keyType, elemType reflect.Type, mapValue any) (reflect.Value, error) {
+func (u *Unmarshaler) fillUnmarshalerStruct(fieldType reflect.Type,
+	value reflect.Value, targetValue string) error {
+	if !value.CanSet() {
+		return errValueNotSettable
+	}
+
+	baseType := Deref(fieldType)
+	target := reflect.New(baseType)
+	switch u.key {
+	case jsonTagKey:
+		unmarshaler, ok := target.Interface().(json.Unmarshaler)
+		if !ok {
+			return errUnsupportedType
+		}
+
+		if err := unmarshaler.UnmarshalJSON([]byte(targetValue)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	default:
+		return errUnsupportedType
+	}
+
+	value.Set(target)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (u *Unmarshaler) generateMap(keyType, elemType reflect.Type, mapValue any,
+	fullName string) (reflect.Value, error) {
 	mapType := reflect.MapOf(keyType, elemType)
 	valueType := reflect.TypeOf(mapValue)
 	if mapType == valueType {
@@ -309,11 +355,12 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) generateMap(keyType, elemType reflect.Type, mapValue any)
 	for _, key := range refValue.MapKeys() {
 		keythValue := refValue.MapIndex(key)
 		keythData := keythValue.Interface()
+		mapFullName := fmt.Sprintf("%s[%s]", fullName, key.String())
 
 		switch dereffedElemKind {
 		case reflect.Slice:
 			target := reflect.New(dereffedElemType)
-			if err := u.fillSlice(elemType, target.Elem(), keythData); err != nil {
+			if err := u.fillSlice(elemType, target.Elem(), keythData, mapFullName); err != nil {
 				return emptyValue, err
 			}
 
@@ -325,7 +372,7 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) generateMap(keyType, elemType reflect.Type, mapValue any)
 			}
 
 			target := reflect.New(dereffedElemType)
-			if err := u.Unmarshal(keythMap, target.Interface()); err != nil {
+			if err := u.unmarshal(keythMap, target.Interface(), mapFullName); err != nil {
 				return emptyValue, err
 			}
 
@@ -336,7 +383,7 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) generateMap(keyType, elemType reflect.Type, mapValue any)
 				return emptyValue, errTypeMismatch
 			}
 
-			innerValue, err := u.generateMap(elemType.Key(), elemType.Elem(), keythMap)
+			innerValue, err := u.generateMap(elemType.Key(), elemType.Elem(), keythMap, mapFullName)
 			if err != nil {
 				return emptyValue, err
 			}
@@ -381,6 +428,15 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) generateMap(keyType, elemType reflect.Type, mapValue any)
 	return targetValue, nil
 }
 
+func (u *Unmarshaler) implementsUnmarshaler(t reflect.Type) bool {
+	switch u.key {
+	case jsonTagKey:
+		return t.Implements(reflect.TypeOf((*json.Unmarshaler)(nil)).Elem())
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
 func (u *Unmarshaler) parseOptionsWithContext(field reflect.StructField, m Valuer, fullName string) (
 	string, *fieldOptionsWithContext, error) {
 	key, options, err := parseKeyAndOptions(u.key, field)
@@ -410,6 +466,10 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) parseOptionsWithContext(field reflect.StructField, m Value
 		}
 	}
 
+	if u.opts.fillDefault {
+		return key, &options.fieldOptionsWithContext, nil
+	}
+
 	optsWithContext, err := options.toOptionsWithContext(key, m, fullName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", nil, err
@@ -425,6 +485,10 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) processAnonymousField(field reflect.StructField, value ref
 		return err
 	}
 
+	if key == ignoreKey {
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	if options.optional() {
 		return u.processAnonymousFieldOptional(field, value, key, m, fullName)
 	}
@@ -483,7 +547,7 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) processAnonymousStructFieldOptional(fieldType reflect.Type
 			return err
 		}
 
-		_, hasValue := getValue(m, fieldKey)
+		_, hasValue := getValue(m, fieldKey, u.opts.opaqueKeys)
 		if hasValue {
 			if !filled {
 				filled = true
@@ -541,15 +605,17 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) processFieldNotFromString(fieldType reflect.Type, value re
 			parent:  vp.parent,
 		}, fullName)
 	case typeKind == reflect.Slice && valueKind == reflect.Slice:
-		return u.fillSlice(fieldType, value, mapValue)
+		return u.fillSlice(fieldType, value, mapValue, fullName)
 	case valueKind == reflect.Map && typeKind == reflect.Map:
-		return u.fillMap(fieldType, value, mapValue)
+		return u.fillMap(fieldType, value, mapValue, fullName)
 	case valueKind == reflect.String && typeKind == reflect.Map:
 		return u.fillMapFromString(value, mapValue)
 	case valueKind == reflect.String && typeKind == reflect.Slice:
-		return u.fillSliceFromString(fieldType, value, mapValue)
+		return u.fillSliceFromString(fieldType, value, mapValue, fullName)
 	case valueKind == reflect.String && derefedFieldType == durationType:
 		return fillDurationValue(fieldType, value, mapValue.(string))
+	case valueKind == reflect.String && typeKind == reflect.Struct && u.implementsUnmarshaler(fieldType):
+		return u.fillUnmarshalerStruct(fieldType, value, mapValue.(string))
 	default:
 		return u.processFieldPrimitive(fieldType, value, mapValue, opts, fullName)
 	}
@@ -592,25 +658,28 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) processFieldPrimitiveWithJSONNumber(fieldType reflect.Type
 	target := reflect.New(Deref(fieldType)).Elem()
 
 	switch typeKind {
-	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
+	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64,
-		iValue, err := v.Int64()
+		reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
+		if err := setValueFromString(typeKind, target, v.String()); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	case reflect.Float32:
+		fValue, err := v.Float64()
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		target.SetInt(iValue)
+		// if the value is a pointer, we need to check overflow with the pointer's value.
-	case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
+		derefedValue := value
-		iValue, err := v.Int64()
+		for derefedValue.Type().Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
-		if err != nil {
+			derefedValue = derefedValue.Elem()
-			return err
+		}
+		if derefedValue.CanFloat() && derefedValue.OverflowFloat(fValue) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("parsing %q as float32: value out of range", v.String())
 		}
 
-		if iValue < 0 {
+		target.SetFloat(fValue)
-			return fmt.Errorf("unmarshal %q with bad value %q", fullName, v.String())
+	case reflect.Float64:
-		}
-
-		target.SetUint(uint64(iValue))
-	case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
 		fValue, err := v.Float64()
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -618,7 +687,7 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) processFieldPrimitiveWithJSONNumber(fieldType reflect.Type
 
 		target.SetFloat(fValue)
 	default:
-		return newTypeMismatchErrorWithHint(fullName, typeKind.String(), value.Type().String())
+		return newTypeMismatchErrorWithHint(fullName, typeKind.String(), numberTypeString)
 	}
 
 	SetValue(fieldType, value, target)
@@ -712,6 +781,10 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) processNamedField(field reflect.StructField, value reflect
 		return err
 	}
 
+	if key == ignoreKey {
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	fullName = join(fullName, key)
 	if opts != nil && len(opts.EnvVar) > 0 {
 		envVal := proc.Env(opts.EnvVar)
@@ -726,7 +799,7 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) processNamedField(field reflect.StructField, value reflect
 	}
 
 	valuer := createValuer(m, opts)
-	mapValue, hasValue := getValue(valuer, canonicalKey)
+	mapValue, hasValue := getValue(valuer, canonicalKey, u.opts.opaqueKeys)
 
 	// When fillDefault is used, m is a null value, hasValue must be false, all priority judgments fillDefault.
 	if u.opts.fillDefault {
@@ -819,7 +892,7 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) processNamedFieldWithoutValue(fieldType reflect.Type, valu
 
 		switch fieldKind {
 		case reflect.Array, reflect.Slice:
-			return u.fillSliceWithDefault(derefedType, value, defaultValue)
+			return u.fillSliceWithDefault(derefedType, value, defaultValue, fullName)
 		default:
 			return setValueFromString(fieldKind, value, defaultValue)
 		}
@@ -867,7 +940,7 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) processNamedFieldWithoutValue(fieldType reflect.Type, valu
 
 func (u *Unmarshaler) unmarshalWithFullName(m valuerWithParent, v any, fullName string) error {
 	rv := reflect.ValueOf(v)
-	if err := ValidatePtr(&rv); err != nil {
+	if err := ValidatePtr(rv); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
@@ -889,11 +962,6 @@ func (u *Unmarshaler) unmarshalWithFullName(m valuerWithParent, v any, fullName
 		typeField := baseType.Field(i)
 		valueField := valElem.Field(i)
 		if err := u.processField(typeField, valueField, m, fullName); err != nil {
-			if len(fullName) > 0 {
-				err = fmt.Errorf("%w, fullName: %s, field: %s, type: %s",
-					err, fullName, typeField.Name, valueField.Type().Name())
-			}
-
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -922,6 +990,14 @@ func WithDefault() UnmarshalOption {
 	}
 }
 
+// WithOpaqueKeys customizes an Unmarshaler with opaque keys.
+// Opaque keys are keys that are not processed by the unmarshaler.
+func WithOpaqueKeys() UnmarshalOption {
+	return func(opt *unmarshalOptions) {
+		opt.opaqueKeys = true
+	}
+}
+
 func createValuer(v valuerWithParent, opts *fieldOptionsWithContext) valuerWithParent {
 	if opts.inherit() {
 		return recursiveValuer{
@@ -999,8 +1075,8 @@ func fillWithSameType(fieldType reflect.Type, value reflect.Value, mapValue any,
 }
 
 // getValue gets the value for the specific key, the key can be in the format of parentKey.childKey
-func getValue(m valuerWithParent, key string) (any, bool) {
+func getValue(m valuerWithParent, key string, opaque bool) (any, bool) {
-	keys := readKeys(key)
+	keys := readKeys(key, opaque)
 	return getValueWithChainedKeys(m, keys)
 }
 
@@ -1059,7 +1135,11 @@ func newTypeMismatchErrorWithHint(name, expectType, actualType string) error {
 		name, expectType, actualType)
 }
 
-func readKeys(key string) []string {
+func readKeys(key string, opaque bool) []string {
+	if opaque {
+		return []string{key}
+	}
+
 	cacheKeysLock.Lock()
 	keys, ok := cacheKeys[key]
 	cacheKeysLock.Unlock()

core/mapping/utils.go

@@ -30,11 +30,13 @@ const (
 	leftSquareBracket  = '['
 	rightSquareBracket = ']'
 	segmentSeparator   = ','
+	intSize            = 32 << (^uint(0) >> 63) // 32 or 64
 )
 
 var (
 	errUnsupportedType  = errors.New("unsupported type on setting field value")
 	errNumberRange      = errors.New("wrong number range setting")
+	errNilSliceElement  = errors.New("null element for slice")
 	optionsCache        = make(map[string]optionsCacheValue)
 	cacheLock           sync.RWMutex
 	structRequiredCache = make(map[reflect.Type]requiredCacheValue)
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ func SetMapIndexValue(tp reflect.Type, value, key, target reflect.Value) {
 }
 
 // ValidatePtr validates v if it's a valid pointer.
-func ValidatePtr(v *reflect.Value) error {
+func ValidatePtr(v reflect.Value) error {
 	// sequence is very important, IsNil must be called after checking Kind() with reflect.Ptr,
 	// panic otherwise
 	if !v.IsValid() || v.Kind() != reflect.Ptr || v.IsNil() {
@@ -100,27 +102,30 @@ func convertTypeFromString(kind reflect.Kind, str string) (any, error) {
 		default:
 			return false, errTypeMismatch
 		}
-	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
+	case reflect.Int:
-		intValue, err := strconv.ParseInt(str, 10, 64)
+		return strconv.ParseInt(str, 10, intSize)
-		if err != nil {
+	case reflect.Int8:
-			return 0, fmt.Errorf("the value %q cannot parsed as int", str)
+		return strconv.ParseInt(str, 10, 8)
-		}
+	case reflect.Int16:
-
+		return strconv.ParseInt(str, 10, 16)
-		return intValue, nil
+	case reflect.Int32:
-	case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
+		return strconv.ParseInt(str, 10, 32)
-		uintValue, err := strconv.ParseUint(str, 10, 64)
+	case reflect.Int64:
-		if err != nil {
+		return strconv.ParseInt(str, 10, 64)
-			return 0, fmt.Errorf("the value %q cannot parsed as uint", str)
+	case reflect.Uint:
-		}
+		return strconv.ParseUint(str, 10, intSize)
-
+	case reflect.Uint8:
-		return uintValue, nil
+		return strconv.ParseUint(str, 10, 8)
-	case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
+	case reflect.Uint16:
-		floatValue, err := strconv.ParseFloat(str, 64)
+		return strconv.ParseUint(str, 10, 16)
-		if err != nil {
+	case reflect.Uint32:
-			return 0, fmt.Errorf("the value %q cannot parsed as float", str)
+		return strconv.ParseUint(str, 10, 32)
-		}
+	case reflect.Uint64:
-
+		return strconv.ParseUint(str, 10, 64)
-		return floatValue, nil
+	case reflect.Float32:
+		return strconv.ParseFloat(str, 32)
+	case reflect.Float64:
+		return strconv.ParseFloat(str, 64)
 	case reflect.String:
 		return str, nil
 	default:
@@ -411,7 +416,7 @@ func parseOption(fieldOpts *fieldOptions, fieldName, option string) error {
 }
 
 // parseOptions parses the given options in tag.
-// for example: `json:"name,options=foo|bar"` or `json:"name,options=[foo,bar]"`
+// for example, `json:"name,options=foo|bar"` or `json:"name,options=[foo,bar]"`
 func parseOptions(val string) []string {
 	if len(val) == 0 {
 		return nil
@@ -486,19 +491,22 @@ func setMatchedPrimitiveValue(kind reflect.Kind, value reflect.Value, v any) err
 	switch kind {
 	case reflect.Bool:
 		value.SetBool(v.(bool))
+		return nil
 	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
 		value.SetInt(v.(int64))
+		return nil
 	case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
 		value.SetUint(v.(uint64))
+		return nil
 	case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
 		value.SetFloat(v.(float64))
+		return nil
 	case reflect.String:
 		value.SetString(v.(string))
+		return nil
 	default:
 		return errUnsupportedType
 	}
-
-	return nil
 }
 
 func setValueFromString(kind reflect.Kind, value reflect.Value, str string) error {
@@ -575,7 +583,8 @@ func usingDifferentKeys(key string, field reflect.StructField) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-func validateAndSetValue(kind reflect.Kind, value reflect.Value, str string, opts *fieldOptionsWithContext) error {
+func validateAndSetValue(kind reflect.Kind, value reflect.Value, str string,
+	opts *fieldOptionsWithContext) error {
 	if !value.CanSet() {
 		return errValueNotSettable
 	}

core/mapping/utils_test.go

@@ -218,25 +218,25 @@ func TestParseSegments(t *testing.T) {
 func TestValidatePtrWithNonPtr(t *testing.T) {
 	var foo string
 	rve := reflect.ValueOf(foo)
-	assert.NotNil(t, ValidatePtr(&rve))
+	assert.NotNil(t, ValidatePtr(rve))
 }
 
 func TestValidatePtrWithPtr(t *testing.T) {
 	var foo string
 	rve := reflect.ValueOf(&foo)
-	assert.Nil(t, ValidatePtr(&rve))
+	assert.Nil(t, ValidatePtr(rve))
 }
 
 func TestValidatePtrWithNilPtr(t *testing.T) {
 	var foo *string
 	rve := reflect.ValueOf(foo)
-	assert.NotNil(t, ValidatePtr(&rve))
+	assert.NotNil(t, ValidatePtr(rve))
 }
 
 func TestValidatePtrWithZeroValue(t *testing.T) {
 	var s string
 	e := reflect.Zero(reflect.TypeOf(s))
-	assert.NotNil(t, ValidatePtr(&e))
+	assert.NotNil(t, ValidatePtr(e))
 }
 
 func TestSetValueNotSettable(t *testing.T) {

core/mapping/valuer.go

@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ type (
 		parent valuerWithParent
 	}
 
-	// mapValuer is a type for map to meet the Valuer interface.
+	// mapValuer is a type for the map to meet the Valuer interface.
 	mapValuer map[string]any
-	// simpleValuer is a type to get value from current node.
+	// simpleValuer is a type to get value from the current node.
 	simpleValuer node
 	// recursiveValuer is a type to get the value recursively from current and parent nodes.
 	recursiveValuer node

core/mapping/yamlunmarshaler_test.go

@@ -1011,6 +1011,15 @@ func TestUnmarshalYamlMapRune(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, rune(3), v.Machine["node3"])
 }
 
+func TestUnmarshalYamlStringOfInt(t *testing.T) {
+	text := `password: 123456`
+	var v struct {
+		Password string `json:"password"`
+	}
+	reader := strings.NewReader(text)
+	assert.Error(t, UnmarshalYamlReader(reader, &v))
+}
+
 func TestUnmarshalYamlBadInput(t *testing.T) {
 	var v struct {
 		Any string

core/mathx/entropy_test.go

@@ -15,3 +15,17 @@ func TestCalcEntropy(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	assert.True(t, CalcEntropy(m) > .99)
 }
+
+func TestCalcEmptyEntropy(t *testing.T) {
+	m := make(map[any]int)
+	assert.Equal(t, float64(1), CalcEntropy(m))
+}
+
+func TestCalcDiffEntropy(t *testing.T) {
+	const total = 1000
+	m := make(map[any]int, total)
+	for i := 0; i < total; i++ {
+		m[i] = i
+	}
+	assert.True(t, CalcEntropy(m) < .99)
+}

core/mathx/range.go

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package mathx
+
+type Numerical interface {
+	~int | ~int8 | ~int16 | ~int32 | ~int64 |
+		~uint | ~uint8 | ~uint16 | ~uint32 | ~uint64 |
+		~float32 | ~float64
+}
+
+// AtLeast returns the greater of x or lower.
+func AtLeast[T Numerical](x, lower T) T {
+	if x < lower {
+		return lower
+	}
+	return x
+}
+
+// AtMost returns the smaller of x or upper.
+func AtMost[T Numerical](x, upper T) T {
+	if x > upper {
+		return upper
+	}
+	return x
+}
+
+// Between returns the value of x clamped to the range [lower, upper].
+func Between[T Numerical](x, lower, upper T) T {
+	if x < lower {
+		return lower
+	}
+	if x > upper {
+		return upper
+	}
+	return x
+}

core/mathx/range_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+package mathx
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestAtLeast(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test int", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtLeast(10, 5); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(3, 5); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(5, 5); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test int8", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtLeast(int8(10), int8(5)); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(int8(3), int8(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(int8(5), int8(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test int16", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtLeast(int16(10), int16(5)); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(int16(3), int16(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(int16(5), int16(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test int32", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtLeast(int32(10), int32(5)); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(int32(3), int32(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(int32(5), int32(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test int64", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtLeast(int64(10), int64(5)); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(int64(3), int64(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(int64(5), int64(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test uint", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtLeast(uint(10), uint(5)); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(uint(3), uint(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(uint(5), uint(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test uint8", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtLeast(uint8(10), uint8(5)); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(uint8(3), uint8(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(uint8(5), uint8(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test uint16", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtLeast(uint16(10), uint16(5)); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(uint16(3), uint16(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(uint16(5), uint16(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test uint32", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtLeast(uint32(10), uint32(5)); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(uint32(3), uint32(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(uint32(5), uint32(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test uint64", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtLeast(uint64(10), uint64(5)); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(uint64(3), uint64(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(uint64(5), uint64(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test float32", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtLeast(float32(10.0), float32(5.0)); got != 10.0 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 10.0", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(float32(3.0), float32(5.0)); got != 5.0 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5.0", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(float32(5.0), float32(5.0)); got != 5.0 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5.0", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test float64", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtLeast(10.0, 5.0); got != 10.0 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 10.0", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(3.0, 5.0); got != 5.0 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5.0", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtLeast(5.0, 5.0); got != 5.0 {
+			t.Errorf("AtLeast() = %v, want 5.0", got)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestAtMost(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test int", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtMost(10, 5); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(3, 5); got != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 3", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(5, 5); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test int8", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtMost(int8(10), int8(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(int8(3), int8(5)); got != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 3", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(int8(5), int8(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test int16", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtMost(int16(10), int16(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(int16(3), int16(5)); got != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 3", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(int16(5), int16(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test int32", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtMost(int32(10), int32(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(int32(3), int32(5)); got != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 3", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(int32(5), int32(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test int64", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtMost(int64(10), int64(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(int64(3), int64(5)); got != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 3", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(int64(5), int64(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test uint", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtMost(uint(10), uint(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(uint(3), uint(5)); got != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 3", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(uint(5), uint(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test uint8", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtMost(uint8(10), uint8(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(uint8(3), uint8(5)); got != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 3", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(uint8(5), uint8(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test uint16", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtMost(uint16(10), uint16(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(uint16(3), uint16(5)); got != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 3", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(uint16(5), uint16(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test uint32", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtMost(uint32(10), uint32(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(uint32(3), uint32(5)); got != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 3", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(uint32(5), uint32(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test uint64", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtMost(uint64(10), uint64(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(uint64(3), uint64(5)); got != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 3", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(uint64(5), uint64(5)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test float32", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtMost(float32(10.0), float32(5.0)); got != 5.0 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5.0", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(float32(3.0), float32(5.0)); got != 3.0 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 3.0", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(float32(5.0), float32(5.0)); got != 5.0 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5.0", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test float64", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := AtMost(10.0, 5.0); got != 5.0 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5.0", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(3.0, 5.0); got != 3.0 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 3.0", got)
+		}
+		if got := AtMost(5.0, 5.0); got != 5.0 {
+			t.Errorf("AtMost() = %v, want 5.0", got)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestBetween(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("test int", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := Between(10, 5, 15); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(3, 5, 15); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(20, 5, 15); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(5, 5, 15); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(15, 5, 15); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test int8", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := Between(int8(10), int8(5), int8(15)); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(int8(3), int8(5), int8(15)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(int8(20), int8(5), int8(15)); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(int8(5), int8(5), int8(15)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(int8(15), int8(5), int8(15)); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test int16", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := Between(int16(10), int16(5), int16(15)); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(int16(3), int16(5), int16(15)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(int16(20), int16(5), int16(15)); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(int16(5), int16(5), int16(15)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(int16(15), int16(5), int16(15)); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test int32", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := Between(int32(10), int32(5), int32(15)); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(int32(3), int32(5), int32(15)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(int32(20), int32(5), int32(15)); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(int32(5), int32(5), int32(15)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(int32(15), int32(5), int32(15)); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test int64", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := Between(int64(10), int64(5), int64(15)); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(int64(3), int64(5), int64(15)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(int64(20), int64(5), int64(15)); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(int64(5), int64(5), int64(15)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(int64(15), int64(5), int64(15)); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test uint", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := Between(uint(10), uint(5), uint(15)); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint(3), uint(5), uint(15)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint(20), uint(5), uint(15)); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint(5), uint(5), uint(15)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint(15), uint(5), uint(15)); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test uint8", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := Between(uint8(10), uint8(5), uint8(15)); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint8(3), uint8(5), uint8(15)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint8(20), uint8(5), uint8(15)); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint8(5), uint8(5), uint8(15)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint8(15), uint8(5), uint8(15)); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test uint16", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := Between(uint16(10), uint16(5), uint16(15)); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint16(3), uint16(5), uint16(15)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint16(20), uint16(5), uint16(15)); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint16(5), uint16(5), uint16(15)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint16(15), uint16(5), uint16(15)); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test uint32", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := Between(uint32(10), uint32(5), uint32(15)); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint32(3), uint32(5), uint32(15)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint32(20), uint32(5), uint32(15)); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint32(5), uint32(5), uint32(15)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint32(15), uint32(5), uint32(15)); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test uint64", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := Between(uint64(10), uint64(5), uint64(15)); got != 10 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 10", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint64(3), uint64(5), uint64(15)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint64(20), uint64(5), uint64(15)); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint64(5), uint64(5), uint64(15)); got != 5 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(uint64(15), uint64(5), uint64(15)); got != 15 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test float32", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := Between(float32(10.0), float32(5.0), float32(15.0)); got != 10.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 10.0", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(float32(3.0), float32(5.0), float32(15.0)); got != 5.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5.0", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(float32(20.0), float32(5.0), float32(15.0)); got != 15.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15.0", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(float32(5.0), float32(5.0), float32(15.0)); got != 5.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5.0", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(float32(15.0), float32(5.0), float32(15.0)); got != 15.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15.0", got)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("test float64", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if got := Between(10.0, 5.0, 15.0); got != 10.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 10.0", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(3.0, 5.0, 15.0); got != 5.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5.0", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(20.0, 5.0, 15.0); got != 15.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15.0", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(5.0, 5.0, 15.0); got != 5.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 5.0", got)
+		}
+		if got := Between(15.0, 5.0, 15.0); got != 15.0 {
+			t.Errorf("Between() = %v, want 15.0", got)
+		}
+	})
+}

core/metric/counter.go

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package metric
 import (
 	prom "github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
 	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/proc"
-	"github.com/zeromicro/go-zero/core/prometheus"
 )
 
 type (
@@ -47,20 +46,16 @@ func NewCounterVec(cfg *CounterVecOpts) CounterVec {
 	return cv
 }
 
-func (cv *promCounterVec) Inc(labels ...string) {
+func (cv *promCounterVec) Add(v float64, labels ...string) {
-	if !prometheus.Enabled() {
+	update(func() {
-		return
+		cv.counter.WithLabelValues(labels...).Add(v)
-	}
+	})
-
-	cv.counter.WithLabelValues(labels...).Inc()
 }
 
-func (cv *promCounterVec) Add(v float64, labels ...string) {
+func (cv *promCounterVec) Inc(labels ...string) {
-	if !prometheus.Enabled() {
+	update(func() {
-		return
+		cv.counter.WithLabelValues(labels...).Inc()
-	}
+	})
-
-	cv.counter.WithLabelValues(labels...).Add(v)
 }
 
 func (cv *promCounterVec) close() bool {