diff --git a/packages/cli/src/commands/dataset/list.ts b/packages/cli/src/commands/dataset/list.ts
index 15d58fa..d5aa08e 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/commands/dataset/list.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/commands/dataset/list.ts
@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ export default defineCommand({
     const total = response.data?.total;
 
     // Normalize to consistent structure for both text/json output.
-    const items = files.map((f) => ({
-      file_id: f.file_id ?? "",
-      name: f.name ?? "",
-      size: f.size !== undefined ? `${(f.size / 1024).toFixed(1)} KB` : "?",
-      purpose: f.purpose ?? "",
+    const items = files.map((item) => ({
+      file_id: item.file_id ?? "",
+      name: item.name ?? "",
+      size: item.size !== undefined ? `${(item.size / 1024).toFixed(1)} KB` : "?",
+      purpose: item.purpose ?? "",
     }));
 
     if (format === "json") {
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/commands/dataset/validate.ts b/packages/cli/src/commands/dataset/validate.ts
index 3cac884..07f5e93 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/commands/dataset/validate.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/commands/dataset/validate.ts
@@ -13,20 +13,21 @@ import {
 import { failIfMissing } from "../../output/prompt.ts";
 import { emitResult, emitBare } from "../../output/output.ts";
 
-function formatIssue(i: ValidationIssue): string {
+function formatIssue(issue: ValidationIssue): string {
   const where: string[] = [];
-  if (i.line !== undefined) where.push(`line ${i.line}`);
-  if (i.path) where.push(i.path);
+  if (issue.line !== undefined) where.push(`line ${issue.line}`);
+  if (issue.path) where.push(issue.path);
   const tag = where.length ? ` [${where.join(" · ")}]` : "";
-  return `  ${i.severity.toUpperCase()} ${i.code}${tag}: ${i.message}`;
+  return `  ${issue.severity.toUpperCase()} ${issue.code}${tag}: ${issue.message}`;
 }
 
-function formatStats(r: ValidationResult): string[] {
+function formatStats(result: ValidationResult): string[] {
   const out: string[] = [];
-  if (r.stats.totalRecords !== undefined) out.push(`records: ${r.stats.totalRecords}`);
-  if (r.stats.sampledRecords !== undefined) out.push(`sampled: ${r.stats.sampledRecords}`);
-  if (r.stats.bytes !== undefined) out.push(`bytes: ${r.stats.bytes}`);
-  if (r.stats.durationMs !== undefined) out.push(`took: ${r.stats.durationMs}ms`);
+  if (result.stats.totalRecords !== undefined) out.push(`records: ${result.stats.totalRecords}`);
+  if (result.stats.sampledRecords !== undefined)
+    out.push(`sampled: ${result.stats.sampledRecords}`);
+  if (result.stats.bytes !== undefined) out.push(`bytes: ${result.stats.bytes}`);
+  if (result.stats.durationMs !== undefined) out.push(`took: ${result.stats.durationMs}ms`);
   return out;
 }
 
@@ -99,14 +100,14 @@ export default defineCommand({
 
       if (result.errors.length) {
         emitBare(`Errors (${result.errors.length}):`);
-        for (const e of result.errors.slice(0, 20)) emitBare(formatIssue(e));
+        for (const error of result.errors.slice(0, 20)) emitBare(formatIssue(error));
         if (result.errors.length > 20) {
           emitBare(`  … and ${result.errors.length - 20} more.`);
         }
       }
       if (result.warnings.length) {
         emitBare(`Warnings (${result.warnings.length}):`);
-        for (const w of result.warnings.slice(0, 10)) emitBare(formatIssue(w));
+        for (const warning of result.warnings.slice(0, 10)) emitBare(formatIssue(warning));
         if (result.warnings.length > 10) {
           emitBare(`  … and ${result.warnings.length - 10} more.`);
         }
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/create.ts b/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/create.ts
index 020022b..e0b3d6b 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/create.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/create.ts
@@ -270,17 +270,17 @@ export default defineCommand({
     }
 
     const response = await createDeployment(config, body as never);
-    const d = response.output ?? response.data;
+    const deployment = response.output ?? response.data;
 
     if (config.quiet) {
-      emitBare(d?.deployed_model ?? "");
+      emitBare(deployment?.deployed_model ?? "");
     } else if (format === "text") {
       emitBare(`Created deployment.`);
-      if (d?.deployed_model) emitBare(`  deployed_model:  ${d.deployed_model}`);
-      if (d?.status) emitBare(`  status:          ${d.status}`);
-      if (d?.plan) emitBare(`  plan:            ${d.plan}`);
+      if (deployment?.deployed_model) emitBare(`  deployed_model:  ${deployment.deployed_model}`);
+      if (deployment?.status) emitBare(`  status:          ${deployment.status}`);
+      if (deployment?.plan) emitBare(`  plan:            ${deployment.plan}`);
       emitBare(
-        `\nNext: track readiness with: bl deploy get --deployed-model ${d?.deployed_model ?? "<id>"}`,
+        `\nNext: track readiness with: bl deploy get --deployed-model ${deployment?.deployed_model ?? "<id>"}`,
       );
     } else {
       emitResult(response, format);
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/delete.ts b/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/delete.ts
index b879b6e..6500221 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/delete.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/delete.ts
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ export default defineCommand({
     if (!flags.skipPrecheck) {
       try {
         const get = await getDeployment(config, deployedModel!);
-        const d = get.output ?? get.data;
-        const status = (d?.status ?? "").toUpperCase();
+        const deployment = get.output ?? get.data;
+        const status = (deployment?.status ?? "").toUpperCase();
         if (status && status !== "STOPPED" && status !== "FAILED") {
           throw new BailianError(
             `Deployment ${deployedModel} is ${status}. Only STOPPED / FAILED deployments can be deleted. ` +
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/get.ts b/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/get.ts
index 44ba017..73bdf1d 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/get.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/get.ts
@@ -35,32 +35,32 @@ export default defineCommand({
     }
 
     const response = await getDeployment(config, deployedModel!);
-    const d = response.output ?? response.data;
+    const deployment = response.output ?? response.data;
 
-    if (!d) {
+    if (!deployment) {
       emitBare(`No data returned for ${deployedModel}`);
       return;
     }
 
     const item: Record<string, unknown> = {
-      deployed_model: d.deployed_model ?? deployedModel,
-      deployed_name: d.name ?? "",
-      model_name: d.model_name ?? "",
-      base_model: d.base_model ?? "",
-      status: d.status ?? "",
-      plan: d.plan ?? "",
+      deployed_model: deployment.deployed_model ?? deployedModel,
+      deployed_name: deployment.name ?? "",
+      model_name: deployment.model_name ?? "",
+      base_model: deployment.base_model ?? "",
+      status: deployment.status ?? "",
+      plan: deployment.plan ?? "",
     };
-    if (d.model_unit_spec) item.model_unit_spec = d.model_unit_spec;
-    if (d.charge_type) item.charge_type = d.charge_type;
-    if (d.capacity !== undefined) item.capacity = d.capacity;
-    if (d.base_capacity !== undefined) item.base_capacity = d.base_capacity;
-    if (d.ready_capacity !== undefined) item.ready_capacity = d.ready_capacity;
-    if (d.rpm_limit !== undefined) item.rpm_limit = d.rpm_limit;
-    if (d.tpm_limit !== undefined) item.tpm_limit = d.tpm_limit;
-    if (d.input_tpm !== undefined) item.input_tpm = d.input_tpm;
-    if (d.output_tpm !== undefined) item.output_tpm = d.output_tpm;
-    if (d.gmt_create) item.created_at = d.gmt_create;
-    if (d.gmt_modified) item.updated_at = d.gmt_modified;
+    if (deployment.model_unit_spec) item.model_unit_spec = deployment.model_unit_spec;
+    if (deployment.charge_type) item.charge_type = deployment.charge_type;
+    if (deployment.capacity !== undefined) item.capacity = deployment.capacity;
+    if (deployment.base_capacity !== undefined) item.base_capacity = deployment.base_capacity;
+    if (deployment.ready_capacity !== undefined) item.ready_capacity = deployment.ready_capacity;
+    if (deployment.rpm_limit !== undefined) item.rpm_limit = deployment.rpm_limit;
+    if (deployment.tpm_limit !== undefined) item.tpm_limit = deployment.tpm_limit;
+    if (deployment.input_tpm !== undefined) item.input_tpm = deployment.input_tpm;
+    if (deployment.output_tpm !== undefined) item.output_tpm = deployment.output_tpm;
+    if (deployment.gmt_create) item.created_at = deployment.gmt_create;
+    if (deployment.gmt_modified) item.updated_at = deployment.gmt_modified;
 
     if (format === "json") {
       emitResult(item, format);
@@ -68,10 +68,10 @@ export default defineCommand({
     }
 
     // text / quiet — fixed-width label column for alignment
-    const label = (k: string) => `${k}:`.padEnd(18);
-    for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(item)) {
-      if (v === "" || v === undefined) continue;
-      emitBare(`${label(k)}${v}`);
+    const label = (key: string) => `${key}:`.padEnd(18);
+    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(item)) {
+      if (value === "" || value === undefined) continue;
+      emitBare(`${label(key)}${value}`);
     }
   },
 });
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/list.ts b/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/list.ts
index ada32f9..b0fa2e9 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/list.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/list.ts
@@ -45,13 +45,13 @@ export default defineCommand({
     const deployments = payload?.deployments ?? [];
     const total = payload?.total;
 
-    const items = deployments.map((d) => ({
-      deployed_model: d.deployed_model ?? "",
-      model_name: d.model_name ?? "",
-      status: d.status ?? "",
-      plan: d.plan ?? "",
-      capacity: d.capacity !== undefined ? String(d.capacity) : "",
-      created_at: d.gmt_create ?? "",
+    const items = deployments.map((item) => ({
+      deployed_model: item.deployed_model ?? "",
+      model_name: item.model_name ?? "",
+      status: item.status ?? "",
+      plan: item.plan ?? "",
+      capacity: item.capacity !== undefined ? String(item.capacity) : "",
+      created_at: item.gmt_create ?? "",
     }));
 
     if (format === "json") {
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/scale.ts b/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/scale.ts
index 50e5ba5..14df870 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/scale.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/scale.ts
@@ -94,12 +94,12 @@ export default defineCommand({
     }
 
     const response = await scaleDeployment(config, deployedModel!, body);
-    const d = response.output ?? response.data;
+    const deployment = response.output ?? response.data;
 
     if (config.quiet) {
       emitBare(deployedModel!);
     } else if (format === "text") {
-      const cap = d?.capacity !== undefined ? ` (capacity=${d.capacity})` : "";
+      const cap = deployment?.capacity !== undefined ? ` (capacity=${deployment.capacity})` : "";
       emitBare(`Scaled ${deployedModel}${cap}.`);
     } else {
       emitResult(response, format);
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/update.ts b/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/update.ts
index a722c76..3460964 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/update.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/commands/deploy/update.ts
@@ -86,14 +86,14 @@ export default defineCommand({
     }
 
     const response = await updateDeployment(config, deployedModel!, body);
-    const d = response.output ?? response.data;
+    const deployment = response.output ?? response.data;
 
     if (config.quiet) {
       emitBare(deployedModel!);
     } else if (format === "text") {
       const parts: string[] = [];
-      if (d?.rpm_limit !== undefined) parts.push(`rpm_limit=${d.rpm_limit}`);
-      if (d?.tpm_limit !== undefined) parts.push(`tpm_limit=${d.tpm_limit}`);
+      if (deployment?.rpm_limit !== undefined) parts.push(`rpm_limit=${deployment.rpm_limit}`);
+      if (deployment?.tpm_limit !== undefined) parts.push(`tpm_limit=${deployment.tpm_limit}`);
       const summary = parts.length ? ` (${parts.join(", ")})` : "";
       emitBare(`Updated ${deployedModel}${summary}.`);
     } else {
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/commands/finetune/checkpoints.ts b/packages/cli/src/commands/finetune/checkpoints.ts
index a5c1af9..ca4c3cf 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/commands/finetune/checkpoints.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/commands/finetune/checkpoints.ts
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ export default defineCommand({
     const ckpts = Array.isArray(payload) ? payload : (payload?.checkpoints ?? []);
     const total = Array.isArray(payload) ? payload.length : (payload?.total ?? ckpts.length);
 
-    const items = ckpts.map((c) => ({
-      checkpoint: c.checkpoint ?? c.checkpoint_id ?? "",
-      step: c.step !== undefined ? String(c.step) : "",
-      status: c.status ?? "",
+    const items = ckpts.map((item) => ({
+      checkpoint: item.checkpoint ?? item.checkpoint_id ?? "",
+      step: item.step !== undefined ? String(item.step) : "",
+      status: item.status ?? "",
     }));
 
     if (format === "json") {
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/commands/finetune/list.ts b/packages/cli/src/commands/finetune/list.ts
index d4c7c10..8f5366c 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/commands/finetune/list.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/commands/finetune/list.ts
@@ -45,13 +45,13 @@ export default defineCommand({
     const jobs = payload?.jobs ?? [];
     const total = payload?.total;
 
-    const items = jobs.map((j) => ({
-      job_id: j.job_id ?? "",
-      base_model: j.model ?? "",
-      status: j.status ?? "",
-      training_type: j.training_type ?? "",
-      output_model: j.finetuned_output ?? "",
-      created_at: j.create_time ?? j.gmt_create ?? "",
+    const items = jobs.map((item) => ({
+      job_id: item.job_id ?? "",
+      base_model: item.model ?? "",
+      status: item.status ?? "",
+      training_type: item.training_type ?? "",
+      output_model: item.finetuned_output ?? "",
+      created_at: item.create_time ?? item.gmt_create ?? "",
     }));
 
     if (format === "json") {
diff --git a/packages/cli/src/commands/finetune/logs.ts b/packages/cli/src/commands/finetune/logs.ts
index 5dc0a9f..6a986c2 100644
--- a/packages/cli/src/commands/finetune/logs.ts
+++ b/packages/cli/src/commands/finetune/logs.ts
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ import { emitResult, emitBare } from "../../output/output.ts";
  */
 function renderEntry(entry: FineTuneLogEntry | string): string {
   if (typeof entry === "string") return entry;
-  const e = entry as Record<string, unknown>;
-  const ts = (e.timestamp ?? e.time ?? e.create_time ?? "") as string;
-  const level = (e.level ?? "") as string;
-  const msg = (e.message ?? e.msg ?? e.log ?? "") as string;
+  const record = entry as Record<string, unknown>;
+  const ts = (record.timestamp ?? record.time ?? record.create_time ?? "") as string;
+  const level = (record.level ?? "") as string;
+  const msg = (record.message ?? record.msg ?? record.log ?? "") as string;
   if (msg || ts || level) {
     return [ts, level, msg].filter(Boolean).join("\t");
   }
diff --git a/packages/core/src/dataset/validate/jsonl.ts b/packages/core/src/dataset/validate/jsonl.ts
index 7889431..79a65df 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/dataset/validate/jsonl.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/dataset/validate/jsonl.ts
@@ -140,9 +140,9 @@ function inspectMessageObject(msg: unknown, lineNo: number, path: string): Valid
     );
     return out;
   }
-  const m = msg as Record<string, unknown>;
-  const role = m.role;
-  const content = m.content;
+  const record = msg as Record<string, unknown>;
+  const role = record.role;
+  const content = record.content;
   if (typeof role !== "string" || !VALID_ROLES.has(role)) {
     out.push(
       makeIssue(