diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/advisor/recommend.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/advisor/recommend.ts
index c328b06..70499ca 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/advisor/recommend.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/advisor/recommend.ts
@@ -226,15 +226,18 @@ function isEmptyResult(result: RecommendResult): boolean {
 }
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description:
-    "Recommend the best models for your use case (intent analysis → candidate recall → LLM ranking)",
+  description: {
+    "en-US":
+      "Recommend the best models for your use case (intent analysis → candidate recall → LLM ranking)",
+    "zh-CN": "为你的使用场景推荐最佳模型（意图分析 → 候选召回 → LLM 排序）",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--message <text> [flags]",
   flags: {
     message: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<text>",
-      description: "Describe your requirements",
+      description: { "en-US": "Describe your requirements", "zh-CN": "描述你的需求" },
       required: true,
     },
   },
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/app/call.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/app/call.ts
index cdd2ef2..14e1c00 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/app/call.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/app/call.ts
@@ -11,50 +11,84 @@ import {
 import { ansi, emitResult, emitBare } from "bailian-cli-runtime";
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Call a Bailian application (agent or workflow)",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Call a Bailian application (agent or workflow)",
+    "zh-CN": "调用百炼应用（智能体或工作流）",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--app-id <id> --prompt <text> [flags]",
   flags: {
     appId: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<id>",
-      description: "Application ID (required)",
+      description: { "en-US": "Application ID (required)", "zh-CN": "应用 ID（必填）" },
       required: true,
     },
     prompt: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<text>",
-      description: "Input prompt text",
+      description: { "en-US": "Input prompt text", "zh-CN": "输入提示词文本" },
       required: true,
     },
     image: {
       type: "array",
       valueHint: "<url>",
-      description: "Image URL(s) to pass to the app (repeatable)",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Image URL(s) to pass to the app (repeatable)",
+        "zh-CN": "传给应用的图片 URL（可重复）",
+      },
     },
     fileId: {
       type: "array",
       valueHint: "<id>",
-      description: "Pre-uploaded file ID(s) (repeatable)",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Pre-uploaded file ID(s) (repeatable)",
+        "zh-CN": "已上传的文件 ID（可重复）",
+      },
     },
     sessionId: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<id>",
-      description: "Session ID for multi-turn conversation",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Session ID for multi-turn conversation",
+        "zh-CN": "多轮对话的 Session ID",
+      },
+    },
+    stream: {
+      type: "switch",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Stream response (default: on in TTY)",
+        "zh-CN": "流式输出响应（TTY 中默认开启）",
+      },
     },
-    stream: { type: "switch", description: "Stream response (default: on in TTY)" },
     pipelineIds: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<ids>",
-      description: "Knowledge base pipeline IDs (comma-separated)",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Knowledge base pipeline IDs (comma-separated)",
+        "zh-CN": "知识库 Pipeline ID（以逗号分隔）",
+      },
+    },
+    memoryId: {
+      type: "string",
+      valueHint: "<id>",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Memory ID for long-term memory",
+        "zh-CN": "长期记忆使用的 Memory ID",
+      },
     },
-    memoryId: { type: "string", valueHint: "<id>", description: "Memory ID for long-term memory" },
     bizParams: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<json>",
-      description: "Business parameters JSON (workflow variables)",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Business parameters JSON (workflow variables)",
+        "zh-CN": "业务参数 JSON（工作流变量）",
+      },
+    },
+    hasThoughts: {
+      type: "switch",
+      description: { "en-US": "Show agent thinking process", "zh-CN": "显示智能体思考过程" },
     },
-    hasThoughts: { type: "switch", description: "Show agent thinking process" },
   },
   exampleArgs: [
     '--app-id abc123 --prompt "Hello"',
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/app/list.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/app/list.ts
index dca7fe1..fb52453 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/app/list.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/app/list.ts
@@ -4,24 +4,27 @@ import { emitResult } from "bailian-cli-runtime";
 const APP_LIST_API = "zeldaEasy.broadscope-bailian.app-control.list";
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "List Bailian applications",
+  description: { "en-US": "List Bailian applications", "zh-CN": "列出百炼应用" },
   auth: "console",
   usageArgs: "[flags]",
   flags: {
     name: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<name>",
-      description: "Filter by app name (keyword search)",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Filter by app name (keyword search)",
+        "zh-CN": "按应用名称筛选（关键词搜索）",
+      },
     },
     page: {
       type: "number",
       valueHint: "<n>",
-      description: "Page number (default: 1)",
+      description: { "en-US": "Page number (default: 1)", "zh-CN": "页码（默认：1）" },
     },
     pageSize: {
       type: "number",
       valueHint: "<n>",
-      description: "Results per page (default: 30)",
+      description: { "en-US": "Results per page (default: 30)", "zh-CN": "每页结果数（默认：30）" },
     },
   },
   exampleArgs: ["", "--name customer service", "--page 2 --page-size 10", "--output json"],
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/console/call.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/console/call.ts
index 28fb847..95cce7b 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/console/call.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/console/call.ts
@@ -7,20 +7,26 @@ import {
 import { emitResult } from "bailian-cli-runtime";
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Call a Bailian console API via the CLI gateway",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Call a Bailian console API via the CLI gateway",
+    "zh-CN": "通过 CLI Gateway 调用百炼控制台 API",
+  },
   auth: "console",
   usageArgs: "--api <api> --data <json> [flags]",
   flags: {
     api: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<api>",
-      description: "API name (e.g. zeldaEasy.broadscope-bailian.memory-library.getLibraries)",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "API name (e.g. zeldaEasy.broadscope-bailian.memory-library.getLibraries)",
+        "zh-CN": "API 名称（例如 zeldaEasy.broadscope-bailian.memory-library.getLibraries）",
+      },
       required: true,
     },
     data: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<json>",
-      description: "Request data as JSON string",
+      description: { "en-US": "Request data as JSON string", "zh-CN": "JSON 字符串格式的请求数据" },
       required: true,
     },
   },
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/delete.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/delete.ts
index 5e18766..ad56300 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/delete.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/delete.ts
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ const DELETE_FLAGS = {
   fileId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Dataset file ID (required)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Dataset file ID (required)", "zh-CN": "数据集文件 ID（必填）" },
     required: true,
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Delete a dataset file by ID",
+  description: { "en-US": "Delete a dataset file by ID", "zh-CN": "通过 ID 删除数据集文件" },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--file-id <id>",
   flags: DELETE_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/get.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/get.ts
index 2c1cf71..4950678 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/get.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/get.ts
@@ -5,13 +5,16 @@ const GET_FLAGS = {
   fileId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Dataset file ID (required)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Dataset file ID (required)", "zh-CN": "数据集文件 ID（必填）" },
     required: true,
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Get details of a single dataset file",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Get details of a single dataset file",
+    "zh-CN": "获取单个数据集文件的详情",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--file-id <id>",
   flags: GET_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/list.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/list.ts
index 7bc858b..c6ebc77 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/list.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/list.ts
@@ -2,21 +2,31 @@ import { defineCommand, detectOutputFormat, listDatasets, type FlagsDef } from "
 import { emitResult, emitBare, emitRequestId, formatTable } from "bailian-cli-runtime";
 
 const LIST_FLAGS = {
-  page: { type: "number", valueHint: "<n>", description: "Page number (default: 1)" },
+  page: {
+    type: "number",
+    valueHint: "<n>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Page number (default: 1)", "zh-CN": "页码（默认：1）" },
+  },
   pageSize: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "Results per page (default: 10, max 100)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Results per page (default: 10, max 100)",
+      "zh-CN": "每页结果数（默认：10，最多：100）",
+    },
   },
   purpose: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: 'Filter by purpose (e.g. "fine-tune", "evaluation"). Omit to list all.',
+    description: {
+      "en-US": 'Filter by purpose (e.g. "fine-tune", "evaluation"). Omit to list all.',
+      "zh-CN": '按用途筛选（例如 "fine-tune"、"evaluation"）。省略时列出全部。',
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "List uploaded dataset files",
+  description: { "en-US": "List uploaded dataset files", "zh-CN": "列出已上传的数据集文件" },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "[--page <n>] [--page-size <n>] [--purpose <name>]",
   flags: LIST_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/upload.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/upload.ts
index a3c6104..64355bd 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/upload.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/upload.ts
@@ -17,32 +17,51 @@ const UPLOAD_FLAGS = {
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Local dataset file (.jsonl or .zip; ≤300MB text, ≤1GB image)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Local dataset file (.jsonl or .zip; ≤300MB text, ≤1GB image)",
+      "zh-CN": "本地数据集文件（.jsonl 或 .zip；文本不超过 300MB，图片不超过 1GB）",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
   purpose: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: 'Dataset purpose tag (default: "fine-tune"; e.g. "evaluation")',
+    description: {
+      "en-US": 'Dataset purpose tag (default: "fine-tune"; e.g. "evaluation")',
+      "zh-CN": '数据集用途标签（默认："fine-tune"；例如 "evaluation"）',
+    },
   },
   schema: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<s>",
-    description:
-      'Record schema: "chatml" (SFT), "dpo" (chosen/rejected), "cpt" (raw text), "tts" (audio), or "image" (image generation). Default auto-detects per record.',
+    description: {
+      "en-US":
+        'Record schema: "chatml" (SFT), "dpo" (chosen/rejected), "cpt" (raw text), "tts" (audio), or "image" (image generation). Default auto-detects per record.',
+      "zh-CN":
+        '记录 Schema："chatml"（SFT）、"dpo"（chosen/rejected）、"cpt"（原始文本）、"tts"（音频）或 "image"（图片生成）。默认逐条自动识别。',
+    },
   },
   noValidate: {
     type: "switch",
-    description: "Skip the local JSONL pre-flight check (not recommended)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Skip the local JSONL pre-flight check (not recommended)",
+      "zh-CN": "跳过本地 JSONL 预检查（不推荐）",
+    },
   },
   fullValidate: {
     type: "switch",
-    description: "JSON.parse every line instead of sampling (slower)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "JSON.parse every line instead of sampling (slower)",
+      "zh-CN": "使用 JSON.parse 检查每一行，而不是抽样检查（速度较慢）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Upload a dataset file (.jsonl or .zip) to Bailian",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Upload a dataset file (.jsonl or .zip) to Bailian",
+    "zh-CN": "将数据集文件（.jsonl 或 .zip）上传到百炼",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs:
     "--file <path> [--purpose <name>] [--schema <chatml|dpo|cpt|tts|image>] [--no-validate] [--full-validate]",
@@ -57,16 +76,24 @@ export default defineCommand({
     "--file train.jsonl --no-validate",
   ],
   notes: [
-    "Supports .jsonl (text) and .zip (audio/image archives with a data.jsonl",
-    "manifest). Five record schemas are recognized: chatml = {messages:[...]}",
-    '(SFT); dpo = {messages:[...], chosen, rejected}; cpt = {text:"..."}',
-    '(continual pre-training, raw text); tts = {wav_fn:"train/xxx.wav",',
-    'text:"..."} (audio fine-tuning); image = {img_path:"..."} (image',
-    "generation). With no --schema, a record carrying wav_fn is validated as",
-    "TTS, img_path as image, chosen/rejected as DPO, text (no messages) as CPT,",
-    "otherwise ChatML. Upload cap: 300MB text, 1GB image. Upload uses the",
-    "OpenAI-compatible /compatible-mode/v1/files endpoint so the purpose tag is",
-    "persisted (the DashScope-native /api/v1/files drops it).",
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        'Supports .jsonl (text) and .zip (audio/image archives with a data.jsonl manifest). Five record schemas are recognized: chatml = {messages:[...]} (SFT); dpo = {messages:[...], chosen, rejected}; cpt = {text:"..."} (continual pre-training, raw text); tts = {wav_fn:"train/xxx.wav", text:"..."} (audio fine-tuning); image = {img_path:"..."} (image generation).',
+      "zh-CN":
+        '支持 .jsonl（文本）和 .zip（包含 data.jsonl 清单的音频/图片归档）。可识别五种记录 Schema：chatml = {messages:[...]}（SFT）；dpo = {messages:[...], chosen, rejected}；cpt = {text:"..."}（持续预训练，原始文本）；tts = {wav_fn:"train/xxx.wav", text:"..."}（音频微调）；image = {img_path:"..."}（图片生成）。',
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "With no --schema, a record carrying wav_fn is validated as TTS, img_path as image, chosen/rejected as DPO, text (no messages) as CPT, otherwise ChatML.",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "未指定 --schema 时，包含 wav_fn 的记录按 TTS 验证，包含 img_path 的按 image 验证，包含 chosen/rejected 的按 DPO 验证，仅含 text（无 messages）的按 CPT 验证，其他记录按 ChatML 验证。",
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "Upload cap: 300MB text, 1GB image. Upload uses the OpenAI-compatible /compatible-mode/v1/files endpoint so the purpose tag is persisted (the DashScope-native /api/v1/files drops it).",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "上传上限：文本 300MB，图片 1GB。上传使用 OpenAI 兼容的 /compatible-mode/v1/files Endpoint，以便保留 purpose 标签；DashScope 原生 /api/v1/files 会丢弃该标签。",
+    },
   ],
   async run(ctx) {
     const { identity, settings, flags } = ctx;
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/validate.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/validate.ts
index 8bf0d29..65cb523 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/validate.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/dataset/validate.ts
@@ -25,23 +25,36 @@ const VALIDATE_FLAGS = {
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Local dataset file (.jsonl or .zip)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Local dataset file (.jsonl or .zip)",
+      "zh-CN": "本地数据集文件（.jsonl 或 .zip）",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
   fullValidate: {
     type: "switch",
-    description: "JSON.parse every line instead of sampling (slower)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "JSON.parse every line instead of sampling (slower)",
+      "zh-CN": "使用 JSON.parse 检查每一行，而不是抽样检查（速度较慢）",
+    },
   },
   schema: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<s>",
-    description:
-      'Record schema: "chatml" (SFT), "dpo" (chosen/rejected), "cpt" (raw text), "tts" (audio), or "image" (image generation). Default auto-detects per record.',
+    description: {
+      "en-US":
+        'Record schema: "chatml" (SFT), "dpo" (chosen/rejected), "cpt" (raw text), "tts" (audio), or "image" (image generation). Default auto-detects per record.',
+      "zh-CN":
+        '记录 Schema："chatml"（SFT）、"dpo"（chosen/rejected）、"cpt"（原始文本）、"tts"（音频）或 "image"（图片生成）。默认逐条自动识别。',
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Locally validate a dataset file (.jsonl or .zip) without uploading",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Locally validate a dataset file (.jsonl or .zip) without uploading",
+    "zh-CN": "在本地验证数据集文件（.jsonl 或 .zip），不执行上传",
+  },
   // 纯本地校验，不触网、不需 API key（与 `pipeline validate` 一致）。
   auth: "none",
   usageArgs: "--file <path> [--full-validate] [--schema <chatml|dpo|cpt|tts|image>]",
@@ -55,18 +68,30 @@ export default defineCommand({
     "--file train.jsonl --output json",
   ],
   notes: [
-    "Default scan: every line gets a structural check, then ~160 lines (front 50,",
-    "evenly spaced 100, last 10) are JSON.parsed against the active schema.",
-    "Schemas: chatml = {messages:[...]} (SFT); dpo = {messages:[...], chosen,",
-    'rejected}; cpt = {text:"..."} (continual pre-training, raw text);',
-    'tts = {wav_fn:"train/xxx.wav", text:"..."} (audio fine-tuning);',
-    'image = {img_path:"..."} (image generation). With no --schema, a record',
-    "carrying wav_fn is validated as TTS, img_path as image, chosen/rejected",
-    "as DPO, text (no messages) as CPT, otherwise ChatML. Pass --schema to",
-    "require a specific shape on every record. ZIP archives (.zip) are",
-    "validated structurally (data.jsonl present, media references resolve) in",
-    "addition to per-record content checks. Use --full-validate to JSON.parse",
-    "every line.",
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "Default scan: every line gets a structural check, then ~160 lines (front 50, evenly spaced 100, last 10) are JSON.parsed against the active schema.",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "默认扫描：先对每一行进行结构检查，再抽取约 160 行（前 50 行、均匀抽取 100 行、最后 10 行），使用 JSON.parse 按当前 Schema 验证。",
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        'Schemas: chatml = {messages:[...]} (SFT); dpo = {messages:[...], chosen, rejected}; cpt = {text:"..."} (continual pre-training, raw text); tts = {wav_fn:"train/xxx.wav", text:"..."} (audio fine-tuning); image = {img_path:"..."} (image generation).',
+      "zh-CN":
+        'Schema：chatml = {messages:[...]}（SFT）；dpo = {messages:[...], chosen, rejected}；cpt = {text:"..."}（持续预训练，原始文本）；tts = {wav_fn:"train/xxx.wav", text:"..."}（音频微调）；image = {img_path:"..."}（图片生成）。',
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "With no --schema, a record carrying wav_fn is validated as TTS, img_path as image, chosen/rejected as DPO, text (no messages) as CPT, otherwise ChatML. Pass --schema to require a specific shape on every record.",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "未指定 --schema 时，包含 wav_fn 的记录按 TTS 验证，包含 img_path 的按 image 验证，包含 chosen/rejected 的按 DPO 验证，仅含 text（无 messages）的按 CPT 验证，其他记录按 ChatML 验证。使用 --schema 要求每条记录符合指定结构。",
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "ZIP archives (.zip) are validated structurally (data.jsonl present, media references resolve) in addition to per-record content checks. Use --full-validate to JSON.parse every line.",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "ZIP 归档（.zip）除逐条检查记录内容外，还会执行结构验证（存在 data.jsonl、媒体引用可解析）。使用 --full-validate 对每一行执行 JSON.parse。",
+    },
   ],
   async run(ctx) {
     const { settings, flags } = ctx;
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/create.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/create.ts
index 96c75d9..590f716 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/create.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/create.ts
@@ -17,49 +17,76 @@ const CREATE_FLAGS = {
   model: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Model name (catalog model or fine-tuned output) (required)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Model name (catalog model or fine-tuned output) (required)",
+      "zh-CN": "模型名称（模型目录中的模型或微调输出模型，必填）",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
   name: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<display_name>",
-    description: "Console display name for the deployment (required)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Console display name for the deployment (required)",
+      "zh-CN": "部署在控制台中的显示名称（必填）",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
   plan: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<plan>",
-    description: "Billing plan: lora (default, Token-billed) | ptu (Token-billed) | mu",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Billing plan: lora (default, Token-billed) | ptu (Token-billed) | mu",
+      "zh-CN": "计费方案：lora（默认，按 Token 计费）| ptu（按 Token 计费）| mu",
+    },
   },
   deploySpec: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Deploy spec (only used by plan=mu; auto-picked if omitted)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Deploy spec (only used by plan=mu; auto-picked if omitted)",
+      "zh-CN": "部署规格（仅 plan=mu 使用；省略时自动选择）",
+    },
   },
   capacity: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "Resource units (plan=mu only; required by API; defaults to the template's unit)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Resource units (plan=mu only; required by API; defaults to the template's unit)",
+      "zh-CN": "资源单元数（仅 plan=mu；API 必填；默认为模板的单元数）",
+    },
   },
   billingMethod: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<m>",
-    description: 'Billing method (plan=mu only; default "POST_PAY", the only supported value)',
+    description: {
+      "en-US": 'Billing method (plan=mu only; default "POST_PAY", the only supported value)',
+      "zh-CN": '计费方式（仅 plan=mu；默认且仅支持 "POST_PAY"）',
+    },
   },
   inputTpm: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "PTU max input tokens/min (required for plan=ptu)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "PTU max input tokens/min (required for plan=ptu)",
+      "zh-CN": "PTU 每分钟最大输入 Token 数（plan=ptu 时必填）",
+    },
   },
   outputTpm: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "PTU max output tokens/min (required for plan=ptu)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "PTU max output tokens/min (required for plan=ptu)",
+      "zh-CN": "PTU 每分钟最大输出 Token 数（plan=ptu 时必填）",
+    },
   },
   thinkingOutputTpm: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "PTU max thinking-output tokens/min (optional, some models)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "PTU max thinking-output tokens/min (optional, some models)",
+      "zh-CN": "PTU 每分钟最大思考输出 Token 数（部分模型可选）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
@@ -67,25 +94,46 @@ const CREATE_USAGE =
   "--model <model_name> --name <display_name> [--plan <plan>] [--deploy-spec <id>] [--capacity <n>] [--billing-method <m>] [--input-tpm <n>] [--output-tpm <n>] [--thinking-output-tpm <n>]";
 
 const CREATE_NOTES = [
-  "Plan defaults to `lora` (Token-billed) for text/image and `mu` (model-unit-",
-  "billed) for audio (CosyVoice TTS). Pass --plan to override.",
-  "For plan=ptu (Token-billed, provisioned throughput), --input-tpm and",
-  "--output-tpm are required (the platform rejects creation without an",
-  "explicit ptu_capacity despite the doc listing defaults).",
-  "For plan=mu, `capacity`, `billing_method` and `deploy_spec` are required.",
-  "billing_method defaults to POST_PAY (only supported value); deploy_spec",
-  "and capacity are auto-picked from GET /deployments/models when omitted.",
-  "Use `bl deploy models --source base` to inspect available templates.",
-  "After creation, status starts at PENDING and transitions to RUNNING.",
-  "Invoke the deployed model with: bl text chat --model <deployed_model>",
-  "WARNING: --model is overloaded across commands and refers to DIFFERENT",
-  "values. `bl deploy <modality> create --model` takes the exported model_name",
-  "(e.g. `qwen3-8b-ft-...`), but the create response also returns a",
-  "`deployed_model` field (the deployment instance id, e.g.",
-  "`qwen3-8b-5ecb5f068d79`). The inference call `bl text chat --model` must use",
-  "the `deployed_model` from the create response — NOT the `model_name` you",
-  "passed to `deploy <modality> create`. Do not reuse the value across the two",
-  "commands.",
+  {
+    "en-US":
+      "Plan defaults to `lora` (Token-billed) for text/image and `mu` (model-unit-billed) for audio (CosyVoice TTS). Pass --plan to override.",
+    "zh-CN":
+      "文本/图片的 Plan 默认为 `lora`（按 Token 计费），音频（CosyVoice TTS）默认为 `mu`（按模型单元计费）。使用 --plan 覆盖默认值。",
+  },
+  {
+    "en-US":
+      "For plan=ptu (Token-billed, provisioned throughput), --input-tpm and --output-tpm are required (the platform rejects creation without an explicit ptu_capacity despite the doc listing defaults).",
+    "zh-CN":
+      "plan=ptu（按 Token 计费的预置吞吐）时，--input-tpm 和 --output-tpm 必填（如果没有显式 ptu_capacity，即使文档列出了默认值，平台也会拒绝创建）。",
+  },
+  {
+    "en-US": "For plan=mu, `capacity`, `billing_method` and `deploy_spec` are required.",
+    "zh-CN": "plan=mu 时，`capacity`、`billing_method` 和 `deploy_spec` 必填。",
+  },
+  {
+    "en-US":
+      "billing_method defaults to POST_PAY (only supported value); deploy_spec and capacity are auto-picked from GET /deployments/models when omitted.",
+    "zh-CN":
+      "billing_method 默认为 POST_PAY（唯一支持值）；省略 deploy_spec 和 capacity 时，会从 GET /deployments/models 自动选择。",
+  },
+  {
+    "en-US": "Use `bl deploy models --source base` to inspect available templates.",
+    "zh-CN": "使用 `bl deploy models --source base` 查看可用模板。",
+  },
+  {
+    "en-US": "After creation, status starts at PENDING and transitions to RUNNING.",
+    "zh-CN": "创建后状态从 PENDING 开始，并转换为 RUNNING。",
+  },
+  {
+    "en-US": "Invoke the deployed model with: `bl text chat --model <deployed_model>`.",
+    "zh-CN": "调用已部署模型：`bl text chat --model <deployed_model>`。",
+  },
+  {
+    "en-US":
+      "WARNING: --model is overloaded across commands and refers to DIFFERENT values. `bl deploy <modality> create --model` takes the exported model_name (e.g. `qwen3-8b-ft-...`), but the create response also returns a `deployed_model` field (the deployment instance id, e.g. `qwen3-8b-5ecb5f068d79`). The inference call `bl text chat --model` must use the `deployed_model` from the create response — NOT the `model_name` you passed to `deploy <modality> create`. Do not reuse the value across the two commands.",
+    "zh-CN":
+      "警告：--model 在不同命令中含义不同，指向不同的值。`bl deploy <modality> create --model` 接收导出的 model_name（例如 `qwen3-8b-ft-...`），但创建响应还会返回 `deployed_model` 字段（部署实例 ID，例如 `qwen3-8b-5ecb5f068d79`）。推理调用 `bl text chat --model` 必须使用创建响应中的 `deployed_model`，而不是传给 `deploy <modality> create` 的 `model_name`。不要在这两个命令之间复用该值。",
+  },
 ];
 
 /**
@@ -171,7 +219,7 @@ async function runCreate(
 
 /** `bl deploy text create` — deploy a text model. */
 export const deployTextCreate = defineCommand({
-  description: "Create a text model deployment",
+  description: { "en-US": "Create a text model deployment", "zh-CN": "创建文本模型部署" },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: CREATE_USAGE,
   flags: CREATE_FLAGS,
@@ -188,7 +236,10 @@ export const deployTextCreate = defineCommand({
 
 /** `bl deploy audio create` — deploy an audio (TTS) model. Defaults to plan=mu. */
 export const deployAudioCreate = defineCommand({
-  description: "Create an audio (TTS) model deployment",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Create an audio (TTS) model deployment",
+    "zh-CN": "创建音频（TTS）模型部署",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: CREATE_USAGE,
   flags: CREATE_FLAGS,
@@ -204,7 +255,10 @@ export const deployAudioCreate = defineCommand({
 
 /** `bl deploy image create` — deploy an image generation model. */
 export const deployImageCreate = defineCommand({
-  description: "Create an image generation model deployment",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Create an image generation model deployment",
+    "zh-CN": "创建图片生成模型部署",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: CREATE_USAGE,
   flags: CREATE_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/delete.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/delete.ts
index bd6dd85..f633687 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/delete.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/delete.ts
@@ -13,12 +13,18 @@ const DELETE_FLAGS = {
   deployedModel: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Deployed model identifier (required)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Deployed model identifier (required)",
+      "zh-CN": "已部署模型标识（必填）",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
   skipPrecheck: {
     type: "switch",
-    description: "Skip the local STOPPED/FAILED status precheck",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Skip the local STOPPED/FAILED status precheck",
+      "zh-CN": "跳过本地 STOPPED/FAILED 状态预检查",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
@@ -30,7 +36,10 @@ const DELETE_FLAGS = {
  * DELETE call.
  */
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Delete a model deployment (must be STOPPED or FAILED)",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Delete a model deployment (must be STOPPED or FAILED)",
+    "zh-CN": "删除模型部署（状态必须为 STOPPED 或 FAILED）",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--deployed-model <id> [--skip-precheck]",
   flags: DELETE_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/get.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/get.ts
index 9c53e96..1ffeb58 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/get.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/get.ts
@@ -5,13 +5,19 @@ const GET_FLAGS = {
   deployedModel: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Deployed model identifier (required)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Deployed model identifier (required)",
+      "zh-CN": "已部署模型标识（必填）",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Get details of a single model deployment",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Get details of a single model deployment",
+    "zh-CN": "获取单个模型部署的详情",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--deployed-model <id>",
   flags: GET_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/list.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/list.ts
index e7c2917..0383fc1 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/list.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/list.ts
@@ -7,21 +7,31 @@ import {
 import { emitResult, emitBare, emitRequestId, formatTable } from "bailian-cli-runtime";
 
 const LIST_FLAGS = {
-  page: { type: "number", valueHint: "<n>", description: "Page number (default: 1)" },
+  page: {
+    type: "number",
+    valueHint: "<n>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Page number (default: 1)", "zh-CN": "页码（默认：1）" },
+  },
   pageSize: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "Results per page (default: 10, max 100)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Results per page (default: 10, max 100)",
+      "zh-CN": "每页结果数（默认：10，最多：100）",
+    },
   },
   status: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<s>",
-    description: "Filter by status (PENDING / RUNNING / STOPPED / FAILED)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Filter by status (PENDING / RUNNING / STOPPED / FAILED)",
+      "zh-CN": "按状态筛选（PENDING / RUNNING / STOPPED / FAILED）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "List model deployments",
+  description: { "en-US": "List model deployments", "zh-CN": "列出模型部署" },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "[--page <n>] [--page-size <n>] [--status <s>]",
   flags: LIST_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/models.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/models.ts
index d1ea972..3bb820c 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/models.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/models.ts
@@ -7,27 +7,37 @@ import {
 import { emitResult, emitBare, emitRequestId, formatTable } from "bailian-cli-runtime";
 
 const MODELS_FLAGS = {
-  page: { type: "number", valueHint: "<n>", description: "Page number (default: 1)" },
+  page: {
+    type: "number",
+    valueHint: "<n>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Page number (default: 1)", "zh-CN": "页码（默认：1）" },
+  },
   pageSize: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "Results per page (default: 100)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Results per page (default: 100)", "zh-CN": "每页结果数（默认：100）" },
   },
   // 全局 --version 是保留 flag,目录版本过滤改名 --catalog-version。
   catalogVersion: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<v>",
-    description: "Catalog version filter (default: v1.0; required for new catalog models)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Catalog version filter (default: v1.0; required for new catalog models)",
+      "zh-CN": "模型目录版本筛选（默认：v1.0；新目录模型必填）",
+    },
   },
   source: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<s>",
-    description: "Model source filter: custom (fine-tuned) | base (catalog) | public",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Model source filter: custom (fine-tuned) | base (catalog) | public",
+      "zh-CN": "模型来源筛选：custom（微调模型）| base（模型目录）| public",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "List models available for deployment",
+  description: { "en-US": "List models available for deployment", "zh-CN": "列出可部署的模型" },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "[--page <n>] [--page-size <n>] [--catalog-version <v>] [--source <custom|public>]",
   flags: MODELS_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/scale.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/scale.ts
index 805f9c5..fe18261 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/scale.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/scale.ts
@@ -10,23 +10,35 @@ const SCALE_FLAGS = {
   deployedModel: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Deployed model identifier (required)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Deployed model identifier (required)",
+      "zh-CN": "已部署模型标识（必填）",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
   capacity: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "New capacity in plan units (must be a multiple of base_capacity)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "New capacity in plan units (must be a multiple of base_capacity)",
+      "zh-CN": "以方案单元表示的新容量（必须是 base_capacity 的整数倍）",
+    },
   },
   inputTpm: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "PTU only — input tokens per minute",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "PTU only — input tokens per minute",
+      "zh-CN": "仅 PTU：每分钟输入 Token 数",
+    },
   },
   outputTpm: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "PTU only — output tokens per minute",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "PTU only — output tokens per minute",
+      "zh-CN": "仅 PTU：每分钟输出 Token 数",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
@@ -37,7 +49,7 @@ const SCALE_FLAGS = {
  * integer multiple of `base_capacity` (visible via `bl deploy get`).
  */
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Scale a deployment's capacity",
+  description: { "en-US": "Scale a deployment's capacity", "zh-CN": "调整部署容量" },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--deployed-model <id> --capacity <n> [--input-tpm <n>] [--output-tpm <n>]",
   flags: SCALE_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/update.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/update.ts
index 0bbb29d..e387f81 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/update.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/deploy/update.ts
@@ -10,18 +10,21 @@ const UPDATE_FLAGS = {
   deployedModel: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Deployed model identifier (required)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Deployed model identifier (required)",
+      "zh-CN": "已部署模型标识（必填）",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
   rpmLimit: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "Requests per minute",
+    description: { "en-US": "Requests per minute", "zh-CN": "每分钟请求数" },
   },
   tpmLimit: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "Tokens per minute",
+    description: { "en-US": "Tokens per minute", "zh-CN": "每分钟 Token 数" },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
@@ -32,7 +35,10 @@ const UPDATE_FLAGS = {
  * Body: at least one of `rpm_limit` (requests/min) or `tpm_limit` (tokens/min).
  */
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Update a deployment's rate limits (rpm_limit / tpm_limit)",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Update a deployment's rate limits (rpm_limit / tpm_limit)",
+    "zh-CN": "更新部署的限流配置（rpm_limit / tpm_limit）",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--deployed-model <id> [--rpm-limit <n>] [--tpm-limit <n>]",
   flags: UPDATE_FLAGS,
@@ -40,7 +46,12 @@ export default defineCommand({
     "--deployed-model dep-... --rpm-limit 1000",
     "--deployed-model dep-... --rpm-limit 1000 --tpm-limit 200000",
   ],
-  notes: ["At least one of --rpm-limit / --tpm-limit must be provided."],
+  notes: [
+    {
+      "en-US": "At least one of --rpm-limit / --tpm-limit must be provided.",
+      "zh-CN": "--rpm-limit / --tpm-limit 至少需要提供一个。",
+    },
+  ],
   validate: (flags) =>
     flags.rpmLimit === undefined && flags.tpmLimit === undefined
       ? "Provide at least one of --rpm-limit / --tpm-limit."
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/cancel.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/cancel.ts
index 789a3b0..1a0433e 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/cancel.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/cancel.ts
@@ -5,20 +5,24 @@ const CANCEL_FLAGS = {
   jobId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Fine-tune job ID (required)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Fine-tune job ID (required)", "zh-CN": "微调任务 ID（必填）" },
     required: true,
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Cancel a running fine-tune job",
+  description: { "en-US": "Cancel a running fine-tune job", "zh-CN": "取消正在运行的微调任务" },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--job-id <id>",
   flags: CANCEL_FLAGS,
   exampleArgs: ["--job-id ft-xxx", "--job-id ft-xxx --dry-run"],
   notes: [
-    "Only PENDING / RUNNING jobs can be cancelled. Completed / failed / already-",
-    "cancelled jobs return a server-side error (passed through verbatim).",
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "Only PENDING / RUNNING jobs can be cancelled. Completed / failed / already-cancelled jobs return a server-side error (passed through verbatim).",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "只有 PENDING / RUNNING 状态的任务可以取消。已完成、失败或已取消的任务会返回服务端错误（原样透传）。",
+    },
   ],
   async run(ctx) {
     const { settings, flags } = ctx;
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/capability.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/capability.ts
index 1bf7203..4626bab 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/capability.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/capability.ts
@@ -58,18 +58,27 @@ const CAPABILITY_FLAGS = {
   model: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<m>",
-    description: "List training types supported by this base model.",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "List training types supported by this base model.",
+      "zh-CN": "列出该基础模型支持的训练类型。",
+    },
   },
   trainingType: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<t>",
-    description: `List models supporting this training type: ${TRAINING_TYPES_CLI.join(" | ")}.`,
+    description: {
+      "en-US": `List models supporting this training type: ${TRAINING_TYPES_CLI.join(" | ")}.`,
+      "zh-CN": `列出支持该训练类型的模型：${TRAINING_TYPES_CLI.join(" | ")}。`,
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description:
-    "Query fine-tune training capability — by model (which training types it supports) or by training type (which models support it)",
+  description: {
+    "en-US":
+      "Query fine-tune training capability — by model (which training types it supports) or by training type (which models support it)",
+    "zh-CN": "查询微调训练能力：按模型查询其支持的训练类型，或按训练类型查询支持它的模型",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   usageArgs: "--model <m> | --training-type <t>",
   flags: CAPABILITY_FLAGS,
@@ -80,10 +89,20 @@ export default defineCommand({
     "--training-type sft --quiet",
   ],
   notes: [
-    "Exactly one of --model / --training-type is required.",
-    "Training-type values use the `<method>` / `<method>-lora` convention:",
-    "sft | sft-lora | dpo | dpo-lora | cpt. (cpt has no -lora variant server-side.)",
-    "Queries listFoundationModels, a public API — no console login needed.",
+    {
+      "en-US": "Exactly one of --model / --training-type is required.",
+      "zh-CN": "--model / --training-type 必须且只能指定一个。",
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "Training-type values use the `<method>` / `<method>-lora` convention: sft | sft-lora | dpo | dpo-lora | cpt. (cpt has no -lora variant server-side.)",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "训练类型遵循 `<method>` / `<method>-lora` 命名约定：sft | sft-lora | dpo | dpo-lora | cpt。（服务端的 cpt 没有 -lora 变体。）",
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US": "Queries listFoundationModels, a public API — no console login needed.",
+      "zh-CN": "查询公开 API listFoundationModels，无需登录控制台。",
+    },
   ],
   validate: (f) => {
     if (f.model && f.trainingType)
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/checkpoints.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/checkpoints.ts
index 7c05a36..86433f0 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/checkpoints.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/checkpoints.ts
@@ -10,20 +10,26 @@ const CHECKPOINTS_FLAGS = {
   jobId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Fine-tune job ID (required)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Fine-tune job ID (required)", "zh-CN": "微调任务 ID（必填）" },
     required: true,
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "List checkpoints produced by a fine-tune job",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "List checkpoints produced by a fine-tune job",
+    "zh-CN": "列出微调任务生成的 Checkpoint",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--job-id <id>",
   flags: CHECKPOINTS_FLAGS,
   exampleArgs: ["--job-id ft-xxx", "--job-id ft-xxx --output json"],
   notes: [
-    "Use the returned `checkpoint` value with `finetune export` to publish",
-    "a deployable model.",
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "Use the returned `checkpoint` value with `finetune export` to publish a deployable model.",
+      "zh-CN": "将返回的 `checkpoint` 值传给 `finetune export`，以发布可部署模型。",
+    },
   ],
   async run(ctx) {
     const { settings, flags } = ctx;
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/create.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/create.ts
index 6fbb54f..340b3aa 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/create.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/create.ts
@@ -219,31 +219,44 @@ const COMMON_FLAGS = {
   model: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<model>",
-    description: "Base model to fine-tune",
+    description: { "en-US": "Base model to fine-tune", "zh-CN": "要微调的基础模型" },
     required: true,
   },
   datasets: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<ids|paths>",
-    description:
-      "Comma-separated dataset file IDs or local paths (.jsonl for text, .zip for audio/image). Local paths are uploaded (validated) first, then their file-ids are used.",
+    description: {
+      "en-US":
+        "Comma-separated dataset file IDs or local paths (.jsonl for text, .zip for audio/image). Local paths are uploaded (validated) first, then their file-ids are used.",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "数据集文件 ID 或本地路径，以逗号分隔（文本使用 .jsonl，音频/图片使用 .zip）。本地路径会先验证并上传，再使用对应的 file-id。",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
   validations: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<ids|paths>",
-    description:
-      "Comma-separated validation dataset file IDs or local paths (auto-uploaded like --datasets).",
+    description: {
+      "en-US":
+        "Comma-separated validation dataset file IDs or local paths (auto-uploaded like --datasets).",
+      "zh-CN": "验证数据集文件 ID 或本地路径，以逗号分隔（与 --datasets 一样自动上传）。",
+    },
   },
   modelName: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Output model name (after training)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Output model name (after training)",
+      "zh-CN": "训练完成后的输出模型名称",
+    },
   },
   suffix: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<text>",
-    description: "Output suffix appended by the platform (finetuned_output_suffix)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Output suffix appended by the platform (finetuned_output_suffix)",
+      "zh-CN": "平台追加的输出后缀（finetuned_output_suffix）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
@@ -258,28 +271,37 @@ const TEXT_FLAGS = {
   trainingType: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<t>",
-    description: `Training type: ${TRAINING_TYPES_CLI.join(" | ")} (default: ${DEFAULT_TRAINING_TYPE}). Mapping to the server happens at the interface boundary (e.g. sft-lora -> efficient_sft, dpo -> dpo_full).`,
+    description: {
+      "en-US": `Training type: ${TRAINING_TYPES_CLI.join(" | ")} (default: ${DEFAULT_TRAINING_TYPE}). Mapping to the server happens at the interface boundary (e.g. sft-lora -> efficient_sft, dpo -> dpo_full).`,
+      "zh-CN": `训练类型：${TRAINING_TYPES_CLI.join(" | ")}（默认：${DEFAULT_TRAINING_TYPE}）。在接口边界转换为服务端值（例如 sft-lora -> efficient_sft、dpo -> dpo_full）。`,
+    },
   },
   nEpochs: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "Number of epochs (default: 3)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Number of epochs (default: 3)", "zh-CN": "训练轮数（默认：3）" },
   },
   batchSize: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description:
-      "Per-device batch size (clamped to [8, 1024]). Auto-set to 8 for small datasets (<100KB)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US":
+        "Per-device batch size (clamped to [8, 1024]). Auto-set to 8 for small datasets (<100KB)",
+      "zh-CN": "单设备 Batch Size（限制在 [8, 1024]）。小数据集（<100KB）自动设为 8",
+    },
   },
   learningRate: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<str>",
-    description: 'Learning rate as a string to preserve precision (e.g. "1.6e-5")',
+    description: {
+      "en-US": 'Learning rate as a string to preserve precision (e.g. "1.6e-5")',
+      "zh-CN": '以字符串形式指定学习率以保留精度（例如 "1.6e-5"）',
+    },
   },
   maxLength: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "Max sequence length",
+    description: { "en-US": "Max sequence length", "zh-CN": "最大序列长度" },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
@@ -306,13 +328,20 @@ const IMAGE_FLAGS = {
     type: "string",
     choices: ["t2i", "i2i"] as const,
     valueHint: "<t2i|i2i>",
-    description:
-      "Generation type: t2i (default) | i2i. Sets generation_type/max_pixels. Required to train I2I from a file-id or with --dry-run (local data auto-detects input_img).",
+    description: {
+      "en-US":
+        "Generation type: t2i (default) | i2i. Sets generation_type/max_pixels. Required to train I2I from a file-id or with --dry-run (local data auto-detects input_img).",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "生成类型：t2i（默认）| i2i。用于设置 generation_type/max_pixels。通过 file-id 训练 I2I 或使用 --dry-run 时必填（本地数据会自动识别 input_img）。",
+    },
   },
   learningRate: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<str>",
-    description: 'Learning rate as a string to preserve precision (e.g. "3e-5")',
+    description: {
+      "en-US": 'Learning rate as a string to preserve precision (e.g. "3e-5")',
+      "zh-CN": '以字符串形式指定学习率以保留精度（例如 "3e-5"）',
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
@@ -326,43 +355,70 @@ const IMAGE_USAGE =
   "--model <model> --datasets <id|path> [--validations <id|path>] [--model-name <name>] [--suffix <text>] [--generation-type <t2i|i2i>] [--learning-rate <str>]";
 
 const COMMON_NOTES = [
-  "Creating a job uploads any local datasets and consumes training quota.",
-  "Use --dry-run to preview the request body without submitting.",
-  "--datasets / --validations accept either file-ids (from `dataset upload`)",
-  "or local paths. Local paths are validated and uploaded first, then their",
-  "file-ids are submitted — a one-step upload-and-train.",
+  {
+    "en-US": "Creating a job uploads any local datasets and consumes training quota.",
+    "zh-CN": "创建任务会上传所有本地数据集并消耗训练额度。",
+  },
+  {
+    "en-US": "Use --dry-run to preview the request body without submitting.",
+    "zh-CN": "使用 --dry-run 预览请求体，不实际提交。",
+  },
+  {
+    "en-US":
+      "--datasets / --validations accept either file-ids (from `dataset upload`) or local paths. Local paths are validated and uploaded first, then their file-ids are submitted — a one-step upload-and-train.",
+    "zh-CN":
+      "--datasets / --validations 可接受 file-id（来自 `dataset upload`）或本地路径。本地路径会先验证并上传，再提交对应的 file-id，实现一步上传并训练。",
+  },
 ];
 
 const TEXT_NOTES = [
   ...COMMON_NOTES,
-  "Training-type values use the `<method>` / `<method>-lora` convention:",
-  "sft (full) | sft-lora (LoRA) | dpo (full) | dpo-lora (LoRA) | cpt. These map",
-  "to the server's training_type at the interface boundary, so the rest of the",
-  "CLI never sees the raw server strings.",
-  "Before submitting (non dry-run) the job, the model's training capability is",
-  "checked via listFoundationModels (no console login required); an unsupported",
-  "training type fails fast with the list the model actually supports.",
-  "n_epochs defaults to 3. Other hyper-parameters are platform defaults unless set.",
-  "Learning rate is forwarded as a string to avoid JSON-number precision loss.",
-  "Pre-submit gate: if the training dataset's sample count is not greater",
-  "than batch_size, the job is rejected before upload or quota consumption",
-  "(the platform would otherwise fail ~10 min in, after data processing).",
+  {
+    "en-US":
+      "Training-type values use the `<method>` / `<method>-lora` convention: sft (full) | sft-lora (LoRA) | dpo (full) | dpo-lora (LoRA) | cpt. These map to the server's training_type at the interface boundary, so the rest of the CLI never sees the raw server strings.",
+    "zh-CN":
+      "训练类型遵循 `<method>` / `<method>-lora` 命名约定：sft（全量）| sft-lora（LoRA）| dpo（全量）| dpo-lora（LoRA）| cpt。这些值会在接口边界映射为服务端 training_type，因此 CLI 的其他部分不会接触服务端原始字符串。",
+  },
+  {
+    "en-US":
+      "Before submitting (non dry-run) the job, the model's training capability is checked via listFoundationModels (no console login required); an unsupported training type fails fast with the list the model actually supports.",
+    "zh-CN":
+      "提交任务前（非 dry-run），会通过 listFoundationModels 检查模型训练能力（无需登录控制台）；如果训练类型不受支持，会立即失败并列出该模型实际支持的训练类型。",
+  },
+  {
+    "en-US": "n_epochs defaults to 3. Other hyper-parameters are platform defaults unless set.",
+    "zh-CN": "n_epochs 默认为 3。其他超参数未设置时使用平台默认值。",
+  },
+  {
+    "en-US": "Learning rate is forwarded as a string to avoid JSON-number precision loss.",
+    "zh-CN": "学习率以字符串形式传递，避免 JSON 数字精度损失。",
+  },
+  {
+    "en-US":
+      "Pre-submit gate: if the training dataset's sample count is not greater than batch_size, the job is rejected before upload or quota consumption (the platform would otherwise fail ~10 min in, after data processing).",
+    "zh-CN":
+      "提交前检查：如果训练数据集的样本数不大于 batch_size，会在上传或消耗额度前拒绝任务（否则平台会在数据处理约 10 分钟后才失败）。",
+  },
 ];
 
 const AUDIO_NOTES = [
   ...COMMON_NOTES,
-  "Audio TTS training runs sft-lora (efficient_sft) with fixed CosyVoice",
-  "hyper-parameter defaults; there are no training-type or hyper-parameter",
-  "knobs to set.",
+  {
+    "en-US":
+      "Audio TTS training runs sft-lora (efficient_sft) with fixed CosyVoice hyper-parameter defaults; there are no training-type or hyper-parameter knobs to set.",
+    "zh-CN":
+      "音频 TTS 训练使用 sft-lora（efficient_sft）和固定的 CosyVoice 超参数默认值；没有可设置的训练类型或超参数选项。",
+  },
 ];
 
 const IMAGE_NOTES = [
   ...COMMON_NOTES,
-  "Image generation training runs sft-lora (efficient_sft) with fixed defaults;",
-  "only --learning-rate is overridable. T2I vs I2I is declared with",
-  "--generation-type (default t2i), which sets generation_type/max_pixels. For",
-  "local data the type is auto-detected (records with input_img train I2I);",
-  "pass --generation-type explicitly to train I2I from a file-id or in --dry-run.",
+  {
+    "en-US":
+      "Image generation training runs sft-lora (efficient_sft) with fixed defaults; only --learning-rate is overridable. T2I vs I2I is declared with --generation-type (default t2i), which sets generation_type/max_pixels. For local data the type is auto-detected (records with input_img train I2I); pass --generation-type explicitly to train I2I from a file-id or in --dry-run.",
+    "zh-CN":
+      "图片生成训练使用 sft-lora（efficient_sft）和固定默认值；仅 --learning-rate 可覆盖。通过 --generation-type（默认 t2i）声明 T2I 或 I2I，并设置 generation_type/max_pixels。本地数据会自动识别类型（包含 input_img 的记录训练 I2I）；通过 file-id 训练 I2I 或使用 --dry-run 时，请显式传入 --generation-type。",
+  },
 ];
 
 /**
@@ -642,7 +698,10 @@ async function runCreate<F extends FlagsDef>(
 
 /** `bl finetune text create` — fine-tune a text model. Datasets are `.jsonl`. */
 export const finetuneTextCreate = defineCommand({
-  description: "Create a text model fine-tune job (sft | sft-lora | dpo | dpo-lora | cpt)",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Create a text model fine-tune job (sft | sft-lora | dpo | dpo-lora | cpt)",
+    "zh-CN": "创建文本模型微调任务（sft | sft-lora | dpo | dpo-lora | cpt）",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: TEXT_USAGE,
   flags: TEXT_FLAGS,
@@ -662,7 +721,10 @@ export const finetuneTextCreate = defineCommand({
 
 /** `bl finetune audio create` — fine-tune an audio TTS model. Datasets are `.zip`. */
 export const finetuneAudioCreate = defineCommand({
-  description: "Create an audio TTS model fine-tune job (sft-lora)",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Create an audio TTS model fine-tune job (sft-lora)",
+    "zh-CN": "创建音频 TTS 模型微调任务（sft-lora）",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: AUDIO_USAGE,
   flags: AUDIO_FLAGS,
@@ -679,7 +741,10 @@ export const finetuneAudioCreate = defineCommand({
 
 /** `bl finetune image create` — fine-tune an image generation model. Datasets are `.zip`. */
 export const finetuneImageCreate = defineCommand({
-  description: "Create an image generation model fine-tune job (sft-lora)",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Create an image generation model fine-tune job (sft-lora)",
+    "zh-CN": "创建图片生成模型微调任务（sft-lora）",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: IMAGE_USAGE,
   flags: IMAGE_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/delete.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/delete.ts
index 102fda6..ed10220 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/delete.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/delete.ts
@@ -5,20 +5,23 @@ const DELETE_FLAGS = {
   jobId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Fine-tune job ID (required)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Fine-tune job ID (required)", "zh-CN": "微调任务 ID（必填）" },
     required: true,
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Delete a fine-tune job record",
+  description: { "en-US": "Delete a fine-tune job record", "zh-CN": "删除微调任务记录" },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--job-id <id>",
   flags: DELETE_FLAGS,
   exampleArgs: ["--job-id ft-xxx", "--job-id ft-xxx --dry-run"],
   notes: [
-    "Cancel a RUNNING job first via `finetune cancel` — the platform refuses",
-    "to delete jobs that are still in flight.",
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "Cancel a RUNNING job first via `finetune cancel` — the platform refuses to delete jobs that are still in flight.",
+      "zh-CN": "请先通过 `finetune cancel` 取消 RUNNING 任务，平台拒绝删除仍在运行的任务。",
+    },
   ],
   async run(ctx) {
     const { settings, flags } = ctx;
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/export.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/export.ts
index 7e52de0..bbc9fa4 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/export.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/export.ts
@@ -10,33 +10,42 @@ const EXPORT_FLAGS = {
   jobId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Fine-tune job ID (required)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Fine-tune job ID (required)", "zh-CN": "微调任务 ID（必填）" },
     required: true,
   },
   checkpoint: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Checkpoint identifier from `finetune checkpoints` (required)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Checkpoint identifier from `finetune checkpoints` (required)",
+      "zh-CN": "来自 `finetune checkpoints` 的 Checkpoint 标识（必填）",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
   modelName: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Deployable model name (required)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Deployable model name (required)", "zh-CN": "可部署模型名称（必填）" },
     required: true,
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Publish a checkpoint as a deployable model",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Publish a checkpoint as a deployable model",
+    "zh-CN": "将 Checkpoint 发布为可部署模型",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--job-id <id> --checkpoint <name> --model-name <name>",
   flags: EXPORT_FLAGS,
   exampleArgs: ["--job-id ft-xxx --checkpoint ckpt-3 --model-name my-qwen-sft"],
   notes: [
-    "Required before `deploy <modality> create` can target a checkpoint. The",
-    "platform may auto-export the best checkpoint when a job reaches SUCCEEDED —",
-    "explicit export is the canonical path for non-best checkpoints.",
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "Required before `deploy <modality> create` can target a checkpoint. The platform may auto-export the best checkpoint when a job reaches SUCCEEDED — explicit export is the canonical path for non-best checkpoints.",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "必须先执行此操作，`deploy <modality> create` 才能使用 Checkpoint。任务达到 SUCCEEDED 后，平台可能自动导出最佳 Checkpoint；对于非最佳 Checkpoint，显式导出是标准方式。",
+    },
   ],
   async run(ctx) {
     const { identity, settings, flags } = ctx;
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/get.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/get.ts
index 0ba0114..e9ad5eb 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/get.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/get.ts
@@ -5,13 +5,16 @@ const GET_FLAGS = {
   jobId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Fine-tune job ID (required)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Fine-tune job ID (required)", "zh-CN": "微调任务 ID（必填）" },
     required: true,
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Get details of a single fine-tune job",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Get details of a single fine-tune job",
+    "zh-CN": "获取单个微调任务的详情",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--job-id <id>",
   flags: GET_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/list.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/list.ts
index ca4eddd..07b68bf 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/list.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/list.ts
@@ -2,21 +2,31 @@ import { defineCommand, detectOutputFormat, listFineTunes, type FlagsDef } from
 import { emitResult, emitBare, emitRequestId, formatTable } from "bailian-cli-runtime";
 
 const LIST_FLAGS = {
-  page: { type: "number", valueHint: "<n>", description: "Page number (default: 1)" },
+  page: {
+    type: "number",
+    valueHint: "<n>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Page number (default: 1)", "zh-CN": "页码（默认：1）" },
+  },
   pageSize: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "Results per page (default: 10, max 100)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Results per page (default: 10, max 100)",
+      "zh-CN": "每页结果数（默认：10，最多：100）",
+    },
   },
   status: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<s>",
-    description: "Filter by status (PENDING / RUNNING / SUCCEEDED / FAILED / CANCELED)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Filter by status (PENDING / RUNNING / SUCCEEDED / FAILED / CANCELED)",
+      "zh-CN": "按状态筛选（PENDING / RUNNING / SUCCEEDED / FAILED / CANCELED）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "List fine-tune jobs",
+  description: { "en-US": "List fine-tune jobs", "zh-CN": "列出微调任务" },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "[--page <n>] [--page-size <n>] [--status <s>]",
   flags: LIST_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/logs.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/logs.ts
index bd0802e..3e270a9 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/logs.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/logs.ts
@@ -67,31 +67,47 @@ const LOGS_FLAGS = {
   jobId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Fine-tune job ID (required)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Fine-tune job ID (required)", "zh-CN": "微调任务 ID（必填）" },
     required: true,
   },
-  page: { type: "number", valueHint: "<n>", description: "Page number (default: 1)" },
+  page: {
+    type: "number",
+    valueHint: "<n>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Page number (default: 1)", "zh-CN": "页码（默认：1）" },
+  },
   pageSize: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "Lines per page (default: server-defined)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Lines per page (default: server-defined)",
+      "zh-CN": "每页行数（默认：由服务端决定）",
+    },
   },
   search: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<keyword>",
-    description:
-      "Case-insensitive substring filter. When set, all log pages are fetched and filtered client-side (--page is ignored).",
+    description: {
+      "en-US":
+        "Case-insensitive substring filter. When set, all log pages are fetched and filtered client-side (--page is ignored).",
+      "zh-CN": "不区分大小写的子字符串筛选。设置后会获取全部日志页并在客户端筛选（忽略 --page）。",
+    },
   },
   tail: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description:
-      "Keep only the last N entries. When set, all log pages are fetched and the trailing N are kept (--page is ignored).",
+    description: {
+      "en-US":
+        "Keep only the last N entries. When set, all log pages are fetched and the trailing N are kept (--page is ignored).",
+      "zh-CN": "仅保留最后 N 条记录。设置后会获取全部日志页并保留末尾 N 条（忽略 --page）。",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Fetch training logs for a fine-tune job",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Fetch training logs for a fine-tune job",
+    "zh-CN": "获取微调任务的训练日志",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--job-id <id> [--page <n>] [--page-size <n>] [--search <keyword>] [--tail <n>]",
   flags: LOGS_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/watch.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/watch.ts
index c02b207..e082470 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/watch.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/finetune/watch.ts
@@ -52,30 +52,42 @@ const WATCH_FLAGS = {
   jobId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Fine-tune job ID (required)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Fine-tune job ID (required)", "zh-CN": "微调任务 ID（必填）" },
     required: true,
   },
   follow: {
     type: "switch",
-    description:
-      "Block and poll until a terminal state (the legacy behavior). Without it, a single status probe is performed and the command returns immediately.",
+    description: {
+      "en-US":
+        "Block and poll until a terminal state (the legacy behavior). Without it, a single status probe is performed and the command returns immediately.",
+      "zh-CN": "阻塞并轮询至终态（旧版行为）。不使用时仅查询一次状态并立即返回。",
+    },
   },
   interval: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<sec>",
-    description: `Seconds between polls with --follow (default: ${DEFAULT_INTERVAL_SEC}, min: ${MIN_INTERVAL_SEC}). Ignored without --follow.`,
+    description: {
+      "en-US": `Seconds between polls with --follow (default: ${DEFAULT_INTERVAL_SEC}, min: ${MIN_INTERVAL_SEC}). Ignored without --follow.`,
+      "zh-CN": `使用 --follow 时的轮询间隔秒数（默认：${DEFAULT_INTERVAL_SEC}，最小：${MIN_INTERVAL_SEC}）。未使用 --follow 时忽略。`,
+    },
   },
   pollTimeout: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<sec>",
-    description:
-      "With --follow, stop polling after this many seconds (default: no limit). Ignored without --follow.",
+    description: {
+      "en-US":
+        "With --follow, stop polling after this many seconds (default: no limit). Ignored without --follow.",
+      "zh-CN": "使用 --follow 时，在指定秒数后停止轮询（默认：无限制）。未使用 --follow 时忽略。",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description:
-    "Probe a fine-tune job's status (default: single non-blocking fetch). Pass --follow to poll until terminal.",
+  description: {
+    "en-US":
+      "Probe a fine-tune job's status (default: single non-blocking fetch). Pass --follow to poll until terminal.",
+    "zh-CN": "查询微调任务状态（默认：单次非阻塞获取）。使用 --follow 持续轮询至终态。",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--job-id <id> [--follow] [--interval <sec>] [--poll-timeout <sec>]",
   flags: WATCH_FLAGS,
@@ -87,15 +99,28 @@ export default defineCommand({
     "--job-id ft-xxx --follow --poll-timeout 3600",
   ],
   notes: [
-    "Default (no --follow) is a NON-BLOCKING single status probe: one fetch, then",
-    "return immediately. This is the mode meant for agents / scripts — the caller",
-    "owns the polling cadence, so the CLI never holds the terminal.",
-    "A terminal FAILED/CANCELED status raises a normal CLI error (non-zero exit);",
-    "a SUCCEEDED or still-running status returns 0. With --follow, exceeding",
-    "--poll-timeout raises a timeout error.",
-    "Use --follow for the blocking, human-terminal-follow experience; use the",
-    "default mode when driving the loop yourself (e.g. from an agent).",
-    "For per-step training output (not status), use `finetune logs`.",
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "Default (no --follow) is a NON-BLOCKING single status probe: one fetch, then return immediately. This is the mode meant for agents / scripts — the caller owns the polling cadence, so the CLI never holds the terminal.",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "默认不使用 --follow，执行非阻塞的单次状态查询：获取一次后立即返回。该模式适用于 Agent / 脚本，由调用方控制轮询节奏，CLI 不会持续占用终端。",
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "A terminal FAILED/CANCELED status raises a normal CLI error (non-zero exit); a SUCCEEDED or still-running status returns 0. With --follow, exceeding --poll-timeout raises a timeout error.",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "终态 FAILED/CANCELED 会触发普通 CLI 错误（非零退出码）；SUCCEEDED 或仍在运行时返回 0。使用 --follow 时，超过 --poll-timeout 会触发超时错误。",
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "Use --follow for the blocking, human-terminal-follow experience; use the default mode when driving the loop yourself (e.g. from an agent).",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "需要在人工终端中阻塞跟踪时使用 --follow；自行驱动轮询（例如通过 Agent）时使用默认模式。",
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US": "For per-step training output (not status), use `finetune logs`.",
+      "zh-CN": "要查看逐步骤训练输出（而非状态），请使用 `finetune logs`。",
+    },
   ],
   async run(ctx) {
     const { settings, flags } = ctx;
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/knowledge/chat.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/knowledge/chat.ts
index 9e0d255..fd5aeed 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/knowledge/chat.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/knowledge/chat.ts
@@ -18,25 +18,38 @@ const CHAT_FLAGS = {
   message: {
     type: "array",
     valueHint: "<text>",
-    description:
-      "Message text (repeatable). Supports role:content prefix to set role (e.g. user:hello), defaults to user. Follows OpenAI message format",
+    description: {
+      "en-US":
+        "Message text (repeatable). Supports role:content prefix to set role (e.g. user:hello), defaults to user. Follows OpenAI message format",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "消息文本（可重复）。支持使用 role:content 前缀指定角色（例如 user:hello），默认为 user。遵循 OpenAI 消息格式",
+    },
   },
   agentId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Q&A service ID (find in console knowledge Q&A page)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Q&A service ID (find in console knowledge Q&A page)",
+      "zh-CN": "问答服务 ID（可在控制台知识库问答页面查看）",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
   // 知识库走 workspace 专属域名,--workspace-id 属命令自有 flag(console 凭证域不适用)。
   workspaceId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Workspace ID for API endpoint URL (or set BAILIAN_WORKSPACE_ID)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Workspace ID for API endpoint URL (or set BAILIAN_WORKSPACE_ID)",
+      "zh-CN": "API Endpoint URL 使用的 Workspace ID（也可设置 BAILIAN_WORKSPACE_ID）",
+    },
   },
   image: {
     type: "array",
     valueHint: "<url>",
-    description: "Image URL (repeatable). Attached to the last user message as multimodal content",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Image URL (repeatable). Attached to the last user message as multimodal content",
+      "zh-CN": "图片 URL（可重复）。将作为多模态内容附加到最后一条用户消息",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 type ChatFlags = ParsedFlags<typeof CHAT_FLAGS>;
@@ -137,15 +150,36 @@ const STEP_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
 };
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Chat with a Bailian knowledge base (RAG Q&A with streaming)",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Chat with a Bailian knowledge base (RAG Q&A with streaming)",
+    "zh-CN": "与百炼知识库对话（支持流式输出的 RAG 问答）",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--message <text> --agent-id <id> [flags]",
   flags: CHAT_FLAGS,
   notes: [
-    "Response is returned as SSE stream events. Event lifecycle: tool_calling → tool_return → plan_start → planning → plan_end → generation_start → generating → generation_end. tool_calling → tool_return may loop multiple times.",
-    "Auth: uses DashScope API Key (Bearer token). Get yours from the console API Key page.",
-    "`--workspace-id` can be set via BAILIAN_WORKSPACE_ID env or `kscli config set workspace_id <id>`.",
-    'Multi-turn: use --message "user:..." and --message "assistant:..." to pass conversation history.',
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "Response is returned as SSE stream events. Event lifecycle: tool_calling → tool_return → plan_start → planning → plan_end → generation_start → generating → generation_end. tool_calling → tool_return may loop multiple times.",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "响应以 SSE 流事件返回。事件生命周期：tool_calling → tool_return → plan_start → planning → plan_end → generation_start → generating → generation_end。tool_calling → tool_return 可能循环多次。",
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "Auth: uses DashScope API Key (Bearer token). Get yours from the console API Key page.",
+      "zh-CN": "鉴权：使用 DashScope API Key（Bearer Token）。可在控制台 API Key 页面获取。",
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "`--workspace-id` can be set via BAILIAN_WORKSPACE_ID env or `kscli config set workspace_id <id>`.",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "`--workspace-id` 可通过 BAILIAN_WORKSPACE_ID 环境变量或 `kscli config set workspace_id <id>` 设置。",
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        'Multi-turn: use --message "user:..." and --message "assistant:..." to pass conversation history.',
+      "zh-CN": '多轮对话：使用 --message "user:..." 和 --message "assistant:..." 传入对话历史。',
+    },
   ],
   exampleArgs: [
     '--message "What is RAG?" --agent-id aid-xxx --workspace-id ws-xxx',
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/knowledge/retrieve.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/knowledge/retrieve.ts
index f367abf..4a7dbff 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/knowledge/retrieve.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/knowledge/retrieve.ts
@@ -12,51 +12,73 @@ const RETRIEVE_FLAGS = {
   indexId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Knowledge base index ID (required)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Knowledge base index ID (required)",
+      "zh-CN": "知识库索引 ID（必填）",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
   query: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<text>",
-    description: "Search query (required)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Search query (required)", "zh-CN": "搜索查询（必填）" },
     required: true,
   },
   denseSimilarityTopK: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "Dense retrieval top K",
+    description: { "en-US": "Dense retrieval top K", "zh-CN": "稠密检索 Top K" },
   },
   sparseSimilarityTopK: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "Sparse retrieval top K",
+    description: { "en-US": "Sparse retrieval top K", "zh-CN": "稀疏检索 Top K" },
+  },
+  rerank: { type: "switch", description: { "en-US": "Enable reranking", "zh-CN": "启用重排序" } },
+  rerankTopN: {
+    type: "number",
+    valueHint: "<n>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Rerank top N results", "zh-CN": "重排序前 N 个结果" },
   },
-  rerank: { type: "switch", description: "Enable reranking" },
-  rerankTopN: { type: "number", valueHint: "<n>", description: "Rerank top N results" },
   rerankModel: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Rerank model, e.g. qwen3-rerank-hybrid",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Rerank model, e.g. qwen3-rerank-hybrid",
+      "zh-CN": "重排序模型，例如 qwen3-rerank-hybrid",
+    },
   },
   rerankMode: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<mode>",
-    description: "Rerank mode: qa, similar, or custom",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Rerank mode: qa, similar, or custom",
+      "zh-CN": "重排序模式：qa、similar 或 custom",
+    },
   },
   rerankInstruct: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<text>",
-    description: "Custom rerank instruction, when mode=custom",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Custom rerank instruction, when mode=custom",
+      "zh-CN": "自定义重排序指令，仅在 mode=custom 时使用",
+    },
   },
   topK: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "Number of results (deprecated, use --rerank-top-n)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Number of results (deprecated, use --rerank-top-n)",
+      "zh-CN": "结果数量（已废弃，请使用 --rerank-top-n）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Retrieve from a Bailian knowledge base (deprecated, use `search` instead)",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Retrieve from a Bailian knowledge base (deprecated, use `search` instead)",
+    "zh-CN": "从百炼知识库检索（已废弃，请改用 `search`）",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--index-id <id> --query <text> [flags]",
   flags: RETRIEVE_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/knowledge/search.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/knowledge/search.ts
index d23dd48..b6eb79a 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/knowledge/search.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/knowledge/search.ts
@@ -14,44 +14,81 @@ const SEARCH_FLAGS = {
   query: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<text>",
-    description: "Search query text (required, cannot be empty)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Search query text (required, cannot be empty)",
+      "zh-CN": "搜索查询文本（必填且不能为空）",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
   agentId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Retrieval service ID (find in console knowledge retrieval page)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Retrieval service ID (find in console knowledge retrieval page)",
+      "zh-CN": "检索服务 ID（可在控制台知识库检索页面查看）",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
   // 知识库走 workspace 专属域名,--workspace-id 属命令自有 flag(console 凭证域不适用)。
   workspaceId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Workspace ID for API endpoint URL (or set BAILIAN_WORKSPACE_ID)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Workspace ID for API endpoint URL (or set BAILIAN_WORKSPACE_ID)",
+      "zh-CN": "API Endpoint URL 使用的 Workspace ID（也可设置 BAILIAN_WORKSPACE_ID）",
+    },
   },
   image: {
     type: "array",
     valueHint: "<url>",
-    description: "Image URL for multimodal retrieval (repeatable)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Image URL for multimodal retrieval (repeatable)",
+      "zh-CN": "多模态检索使用的图片 URL（可重复）",
+    },
   },
   queryHistory: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<json>",
-    description:
-      'User conversation history JSON for context understanding and query rewriting. Format: \'[{"role":"user","content":"What is RAG"},{"role":"assistant","content":"RAG is..."}]\'',
+    description: {
+      "en-US":
+        'User conversation history JSON for context understanding and query rewriting. Format: \'[{"role":"user","content":"What is RAG"},{"role":"assistant","content":"RAG is..."}]\'',
+      "zh-CN":
+        '用于上下文理解和查询改写的用户对话历史 JSON。格式：\'[{"role":"user","content":"What is RAG"},{"role":"assistant","content":"RAG is..."}]\'',
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Search a Bailian knowledge base (RAG semantic retrieval)",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Search a Bailian knowledge base (RAG semantic retrieval)",
+    "zh-CN": "搜索百炼知识库（RAG 语义检索）",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--query <text> --agent-id <id> [flags]",
   flags: SEARCH_FLAGS,
   notes: [
-    "Retrieval scope and strategy (multi-index weighting, routing, reranking, etc.) are driven by the agent_id service config. Only query and agent_id are required.",
-    "Auth: uses DashScope API Key (Bearer token). Get yours from the console API Key page.",
-    "`--workspace-id` can be set via BAILIAN_WORKSPACE_ID env or `kscli config set workspace_id <id>`.",
-    "`--query-history` passes prior conversation turns; the server rewrites the query based on context to improve retrieval relevance.",
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "Retrieval scope and strategy (multi-index weighting, routing, reranking, etc.) are driven by the agent_id service config. Only query and agent_id are required.",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "检索范围与策略（多索引权重、路由、重排序等）由 agent_id 服务配置决定。仅 query 和 agent_id 必填。",
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "Auth: uses DashScope API Key (Bearer token). Get yours from the console API Key page.",
+      "zh-CN": "鉴权：使用 DashScope API Key（Bearer Token）。可在控制台 API Key 页面获取。",
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "`--workspace-id` can be set via BAILIAN_WORKSPACE_ID env or `kscli config set workspace_id <id>`.",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "`--workspace-id` 可通过 BAILIAN_WORKSPACE_ID 环境变量或 `kscli config set workspace_id <id>` 设置。",
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "`--query-history` passes prior conversation turns; the server rewrites the query based on context to improve retrieval relevance.",
+      "zh-CN": "`--query-history` 用于传入历史对话；服务端会根据上下文改写查询，以提高检索相关性。",
+    },
   ],
   exampleArgs: [
     '--query "What is RAG?" --agent-id aid-xxx --workspace-id ws-xxx',
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/_engine/credentials.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/_engine/credentials.ts
index cf0212c..3dbfbaa 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/_engine/credentials.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/_engine/credentials.ts
@@ -49,9 +49,23 @@ export interface CredentialHost {
  * safe: agent commands ship on `bl` only.
  */
 export const CREDENTIALS_NOTE = [
-  "Bailian credentials come from bl's auth chain: --api-key > DASHSCOPE_API_KEY > `bl auth login` (active config profile).",
-  "Other providers read the env vars referenced in agents.yaml (e.g. ${ANTHROPIC_API_KEY}), including .env and ~/.agents/config.json.",
-  "Resolved credentials are injected into the SDK in-memory and cleared from the environment; they never persist in process env.",
+  {
+    "en-US":
+      "Bailian credentials come from bl's auth chain: --api-key > DASHSCOPE_API_KEY > `bl auth login` (active config profile).",
+    "zh-CN":
+      "百炼凭证来自 bl 鉴权链：--api-key > DASHSCOPE_API_KEY > `bl auth login`（当前激活的配置 Profile）。",
+  },
+  {
+    "en-US":
+      "Other providers read the env vars referenced in agents.yaml (e.g. ${ANTHROPIC_API_KEY}), including .env and ~/.agents/config.json.",
+    "zh-CN":
+      "其他 Provider 读取 agents.yaml 中引用的环境变量（例如 ${ANTHROPIC_API_KEY}），包括 .env 和 ~/.agents/config.json。",
+  },
+  {
+    "en-US":
+      "Resolved credentials are injected into the SDK in-memory and cleared from the environment; they never persist in process env.",
+    "zh-CN": "解析后的凭证仅在内存中注入 SDK，并从环境中清除；不会持久保留在进程环境变量中。",
+  },
 ];
 
 /**
@@ -59,7 +73,10 @@ export const CREDENTIALS_NOTE = [
  * agents.yaml / local state only, so no login or provider key is required.
  */
 export const OFFLINE_NOTE = [
-  "Runs fully offline against local files: no login or provider credentials required.",
+  {
+    "en-US": "Runs fully offline against local files: no login or provider credentials required.",
+    "zh-CN": "完全离线处理本地文件：无需登录或提供 Provider 凭证。",
+  },
 ];
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/apply.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/apply.ts
index a00a166..6040a0a 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/apply.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/apply.ts
@@ -21,30 +21,48 @@ const APPLY_FLAGS = {
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+      "zh-CN": "配置文件路径（默认：agents.yaml）",
+    },
   },
   provider: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Target provider (default: all configured)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Target provider (default: all configured)",
+      "zh-CN": "目标 Provider（默认：全部已配置项）",
+    },
   },
   yes: {
     type: "switch",
-    description: "Confirm and apply without an interactive prompt (required to mutate)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Confirm and apply without an interactive prompt (required to mutate)",
+      "zh-CN": "无需交互提示直接确认并应用（执行变更时必填）",
+    },
   },
   noRefresh: {
     type: "switch",
-    description: "Skip refreshing state from remote before planning",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Skip refreshing state from remote before planning",
+      "zh-CN": "规划前跳过从远端刷新状态",
+    },
   },
   concurrency: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "Max independent resources to apply in parallel (default 6, max 10)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Max independent resources to apply in parallel (default 6, max 10)",
+      "zh-CN": "最大并行应用资源数（默认：6，最多：10）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Apply planned changes to create/update/delete agent resources",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Apply planned changes to create/update/delete agent resources",
+    "zh-CN": "应用规划的变更，创建、更新或删除 Agent 资源",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "[--file <path>] [--provider <name>] [--yes] [--concurrency <n>]",
   flags: APPLY_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/destroy.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/destroy.ts
index 4c43f8e..722faea 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/destroy.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/destroy.ts
@@ -16,20 +16,32 @@ const DESTROY_FLAGS = {
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+      "zh-CN": "配置文件路径（默认：agents.yaml）",
+    },
   },
   yes: {
     type: "switch",
-    description: "Confirm and destroy without an interactive prompt (required)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Confirm and destroy without an interactive prompt (required)",
+      "zh-CN": "无需交互提示直接确认并销毁（必填）",
+    },
   },
   cascade: {
     type: "switch",
-    description: "Auto-delete dependent resources (e.g. sessions referencing an environment)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Auto-delete dependent resources (e.g. sessions referencing an environment)",
+      "zh-CN": "自动删除依赖资源（例如引用某个环境的 Session）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Destroy all managed agent resources tracked in state",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Destroy all managed agent resources tracked in state",
+    "zh-CN": "销毁 State 中跟踪的全部托管 Agent 资源",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "[--file <path>] [--yes] [--cascade]",
   flags: DESTROY_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/init.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/init.ts
index fd50d2b..ac3c83c 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/init.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/init.ts
@@ -78,27 +78,39 @@ const INIT_FLAGS = {
   provider: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Provider: bailian, claude, qoder, ark, all (default: bailian)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Provider: bailian, claude, qoder, ark, all (default: bailian)",
+      "zh-CN": "Provider：bailian、claude、qoder、ark、all（默认：bailian）",
+    },
     choices: PROVIDERS,
   },
   agentName: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Name of the first agent (default: assistant)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Name of the first agent (default: assistant)",
+      "zh-CN": "第一个 Agent 的名称（默认：assistant）",
+    },
   },
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Output config path (default: agents.yaml)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Output config path (default: agents.yaml)",
+      "zh-CN": "输出配置路径（默认：agents.yaml）",
+    },
   },
   force: {
     type: "switch",
-    description: "Overwrite an existing config file",
+    description: { "en-US": "Overwrite an existing config file", "zh-CN": "覆盖已有配置文件" },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Create a new agents.yaml template",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Create a new agents.yaml template",
+    "zh-CN": "创建新的 agents.yaml 模板",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   usageArgs: "[--provider <name>] [--agent-name <name>] [--file <path>] [--force]",
   flags: INIT_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/plan.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/plan.ts
index 0dcd0e1..1a5dda8 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/plan.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/plan.ts
@@ -21,32 +21,52 @@ const PLAN_FLAGS = {
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+      "zh-CN": "配置文件路径（默认：agents.yaml）",
+    },
   },
   provider: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Target provider (default: all configured)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Target provider (default: all configured)",
+      "zh-CN": "目标 Provider（默认：全部已配置项）",
+    },
   },
   noRefresh: {
     type: "switch",
-    description: "Skip refreshing state from remote before planning",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Skip refreshing state from remote before planning",
+      "zh-CN": "规划前跳过从远端刷新状态",
+    },
   },
   refreshOnly: {
     type: "switch",
-    description: "Refresh state and show drift without planning remote mutations",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Refresh state and show drift without planning remote mutations",
+      "zh-CN": "刷新状态并显示漂移，不规划远端变更",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Show what changes would be applied to agent infrastructure",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Show what changes would be applied to agent infrastructure",
+    "zh-CN": "显示将应用到 Agent 基础设施的变更",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "[--file <path>] [--provider <name>] [--no-refresh] [--refresh-only]",
   flags: PLAN_FLAGS,
   exampleArgs: ["", "--provider bailian", "--no-refresh"],
   notes: [
     ...CREDENTIALS_NOTE,
-    "--no-refresh and --dry-run plan offline from local config and state: no remote requests, no state writes, provider keys are not checked.",
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "--no-refresh and --dry-run plan offline from local config and state: no remote requests, no state writes, provider keys are not checked.",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "--no-refresh 和 --dry-run 基于本地配置与 State 离线规划：不发送远端请求、不写入 State，也不检查 Provider Key。",
+    },
   ],
   async run(ctx) {
     const { settings, flags } = ctx;
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-create.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-create.ts
index 1485ab5..a26b8cd 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-create.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-create.ts
@@ -10,38 +10,57 @@ const SESSION_CREATE_FLAGS = {
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+      "zh-CN": "配置文件路径（默认：agents.yaml）",
+    },
   },
   agent: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Agent name (auto-detected when only one agent is configured)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Agent name (auto-detected when only one agent is configured)",
+      "zh-CN": "Agent 名称（仅配置一个 Agent 时自动识别）",
+    },
   },
   environment: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Override agent's declared environment",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Override agent's declared environment",
+      "zh-CN": "覆盖 Agent 声明的环境",
+    },
   },
   vault: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Override agent's declared vault",
+    description: { "en-US": "Override agent's declared vault", "zh-CN": "覆盖 Agent 声明的 Vault" },
   },
   memoryStores: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<names>",
-    description: "Override agent's memory stores (comma-separated)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Override agent's memory stores (comma-separated)",
+      "zh-CN": "覆盖 Agent 的 Memory Store（以逗号分隔）",
+    },
+  },
+  title: {
+    type: "string",
+    valueHint: "<title>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Session title", "zh-CN": "Session 标题" },
   },
-  title: { type: "string", valueHint: "<title>", description: "Session title" },
   provider: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Target provider (multi-provider agents)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Target provider (multi-provider agents)",
+      "zh-CN": "目标 Provider（多 Provider Agent）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Create a new session for an agent",
+  description: { "en-US": "Create a new session for an agent", "zh-CN": "为 Agent 创建新 Session" },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "[--agent <name>] [--environment <name>] [--title <title>] [--file <path>]",
   flags: SESSION_CREATE_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-delete.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-delete.ts
index 5d463db..9cbd2ee 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-delete.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-delete.ts
@@ -9,23 +9,26 @@ const SESSION_DELETE_FLAGS = {
   sessionId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Session ID (required)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Session ID (required)", "zh-CN": "Session ID（必填）" },
     required: true,
   },
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+      "zh-CN": "配置文件路径（默认：agents.yaml）",
+    },
   },
   provider: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Target provider",
+    description: { "en-US": "Target provider", "zh-CN": "目标 Provider" },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Delete a session",
+  description: { "en-US": "Delete a session", "zh-CN": "删除 Session" },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--session-id <id> [--provider <name>] [--file <path>]",
   flags: SESSION_DELETE_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-events.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-events.ts
index 0cdcf33..84e15a6 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-events.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-events.ts
@@ -11,32 +11,38 @@ const SESSION_EVENTS_FLAGS = {
   sessionId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Session ID (required)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Session ID (required)", "zh-CN": "Session ID（必填）" },
     required: true,
   },
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+      "zh-CN": "配置文件路径（默认：agents.yaml）",
+    },
   },
   provider: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Target provider",
+    description: { "en-US": "Target provider", "zh-CN": "目标 Provider" },
   },
   limit: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "Maximum number of events to fetch",
+    description: { "en-US": "Maximum number of events to fetch", "zh-CN": "要获取的最大事件数" },
   },
   all: {
     type: "switch",
-    description: "Fetch all pages by following the cursor",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Fetch all pages by following the cursor",
+      "zh-CN": "跟随 Cursor 获取全部分页",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "List event history for a session",
+  description: { "en-US": "List event history for a session", "zh-CN": "列出 Session 的事件历史" },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--session-id <id> [--limit <n>] [--all] [--file <path>]",
   flags: SESSION_EVENTS_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-get.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-get.ts
index 522daad..fcbb43a 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-get.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-get.ts
@@ -9,23 +9,26 @@ const SESSION_GET_FLAGS = {
   sessionId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Session ID (required)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Session ID (required)", "zh-CN": "Session ID（必填）" },
     required: true,
   },
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+      "zh-CN": "配置文件路径（默认：agents.yaml）",
+    },
   },
   provider: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Target provider",
+    description: { "en-US": "Target provider", "zh-CN": "目标 Provider" },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Get details of a session",
+  description: { "en-US": "Get details of a session", "zh-CN": "获取 Session 详情" },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--session-id <id> [--provider <name>] [--file <path>]",
   flags: SESSION_GET_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-list.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-list.ts
index 2694e20..a87abd0 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-list.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-list.ts
@@ -10,26 +10,35 @@ const SESSION_LIST_FLAGS = {
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+      "zh-CN": "配置文件路径（默认：agents.yaml）",
+    },
   },
   agent: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Filter by agent name",
+    description: { "en-US": "Filter by agent name", "zh-CN": "按 Agent 名称筛选" },
   },
   all: {
     type: "switch",
-    description: "Fetch all pages by following the cursor",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Fetch all pages by following the cursor",
+      "zh-CN": "跟随 Cursor 获取全部分页",
+    },
   },
   provider: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Target provider",
+    description: { "en-US": "Target provider", "zh-CN": "目标 Provider" },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "List sessions from the provider",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "List sessions from the provider",
+    "zh-CN": "列出 Provider 中的 Session",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "[--agent <name>] [--all] [--provider <name>] [--file <path>]",
   flags: SESSION_LIST_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-run.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-run.ts
index ebae004..ff84b1d 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-run.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-run.ts
@@ -14,55 +14,82 @@ const SESSION_RUN_FLAGS = {
   prompt: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<text>",
-    description: "Prompt to send (required)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Prompt to send (required)", "zh-CN": "要发送的 Prompt（必填）" },
     required: true,
   },
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+      "zh-CN": "配置文件路径（默认：agents.yaml）",
+    },
   },
   agent: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Agent name (auto-detected when only one agent is configured)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Agent name (auto-detected when only one agent is configured)",
+      "zh-CN": "Agent 名称（仅配置一个 Agent 时自动识别）",
+    },
   },
   environment: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Override agent's declared environment",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Override agent's declared environment",
+      "zh-CN": "覆盖 Agent 声明的环境",
+    },
   },
   vault: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Override agent's declared vault",
+    description: { "en-US": "Override agent's declared vault", "zh-CN": "覆盖 Agent 声明的 Vault" },
   },
   memoryStores: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<names>",
-    description: "Override agent's memory stores (comma-separated)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Override agent's memory stores (comma-separated)",
+      "zh-CN": "覆盖 Agent 的 Memory Store（以逗号分隔）",
+    },
+  },
+  title: {
+    type: "string",
+    valueHint: "<title>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Session title", "zh-CN": "Session 标题" },
   },
-  title: { type: "string", valueHint: "<title>", description: "Session title" },
   provider: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Target provider",
+    description: { "en-US": "Target provider", "zh-CN": "目标 Provider" },
   },
   noStream: {
     type: "switch",
-    description: "Use polling instead of SSE streaming",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Use polling instead of SSE streaming",
+      "zh-CN": "使用轮询代替 SSE 流式传输",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Create a session, send a message, and stream the response",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Create a session, send a message, and stream the response",
+    "zh-CN": "创建 Session、发送消息并流式输出响应",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--prompt <text> [--agent <name>] [--no-stream] [--file <path>]",
   flags: SESSION_RUN_FLAGS,
   exampleArgs: ['--prompt "hello"', '--agent assistant --prompt "summarize this repo"'],
   notes: [
     ...CREDENTIALS_NOTE,
-    "--output json emits one envelope: { session_id, provider, agent, events } — read session_id to chain `session send/get/events/delete`.",
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "--output json emits one envelope: { session_id, provider, agent, events } — read session_id to chain `session send/get/events/delete`.",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "--output json 输出一个 Envelope：{ session_id, provider, agent, events }。读取 session_id 后可串联调用 `session send/get/events/delete`。",
+    },
   ],
   async run(ctx) {
     const { settings, flags } = ctx;
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-send.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-send.ts
index 22f9dc0..aea6b79 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-send.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/session-send.ts
@@ -10,33 +10,42 @@ const SESSION_SEND_FLAGS = {
   sessionId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Session ID (required)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Session ID (required)", "zh-CN": "Session ID（必填）" },
     required: true,
   },
   message: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<text>",
-    description: "Message to send (required)",
+    description: { "en-US": "Message to send (required)", "zh-CN": "要发送的消息（必填）" },
     required: true,
   },
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+      "zh-CN": "配置文件路径（默认：agents.yaml）",
+    },
   },
   provider: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Target provider",
+    description: { "en-US": "Target provider", "zh-CN": "目标 Provider" },
   },
   noStream: {
     type: "switch",
-    description: "Use polling instead of SSE streaming",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Use polling instead of SSE streaming",
+      "zh-CN": "使用轮询代替 SSE 流式传输",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Send a message to an existing session and stream the response",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Send a message to an existing session and stream the response",
+    "zh-CN": "向已有 Session 发送消息并流式输出响应",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--session-id <id> --message <text> [--no-stream] [--file <path>]",
   flags: SESSION_SEND_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/skill-list.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/skill-list.ts
index f5cf185..f8f7727 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/skill-list.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/skill-list.ts
@@ -12,23 +12,33 @@ const SKILL_LIST_FLAGS = {
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+      "zh-CN": "配置文件路径（默认：agents.yaml）",
+    },
   },
   source: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<source>",
-    description:
-      "Skill catalog: custom (workspace-uploaded, default), official (built-in), or all (both catalogs in one call)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US":
+        "Skill catalog: custom (workspace-uploaded, default), official (built-in), or all (both catalogs in one call)",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "Skill Catalog：custom（Workspace 上传，默认）、official（内置）或 all（一次调用获取两类 Catalog）",
+    },
   },
   provider: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Target provider",
+    description: { "en-US": "Target provider", "zh-CN": "目标 Provider" },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "List skills from the provider's skill catalog",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "List skills from the provider's skill catalog",
+    "zh-CN": "列出 Provider Skill Catalog 中的 Skill",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "[--source custom|official|all] [--provider <name>] [--file <path>]",
   flags: SKILL_LIST_FLAGS,
@@ -40,9 +50,21 @@ export default defineCommand({
   ],
   notes: [
     ...CREDENTIALS_NOTE,
-    "Providers without a skill listing API (e.g. ark) return an empty list.",
-    "For agent-driven skill selection, use `--source all --output json`: one call returns both catalogs with per-skill `source` and `description` fields to pick from.",
-    "When generating a task that needs a suitable skill, call this command to match official or custom skills before wiring them into the task.",
+    {
+      "en-US": "Providers without a skill listing API (e.g. ark) return an empty list.",
+      "zh-CN": "没有 Skill 列表 API 的 Provider（例如 ark）会返回空列表。",
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "For agent-driven skill selection, use `--source all --output json`: one call returns both catalogs with per-skill `source` and `description` fields to pick from.",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "由 Agent 选择 Skill 时，请使用 `--source all --output json`：一次调用返回两类 Catalog，并为每个 Skill 提供 `source` 和 `description` 字段用于选择。",
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "When generating a task that needs a suitable skill, call this command to match official or custom skills before wiring them into the task.",
+      "zh-CN": "生成需要合适 Skill 的任务时，先调用此命令匹配官方或自定义 Skill，再将其接入任务。",
+    },
   ],
   validate: (f) =>
     f.source && !SKILL_SOURCES.includes(f.source as SkillSource)
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/state-import.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/state-import.ts
index 7d4565e..91841c5 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/state-import.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/state-import.ts
@@ -9,29 +9,44 @@ const STATE_IMPORT_FLAGS = {
   address: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<provider.type.name>",
-    description: "Resource state address (required)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Resource state address (required)",
+      "zh-CN": "资源 State 地址（必填）",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
   remoteId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Existing remote resource ID to import (required)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Existing remote resource ID to import (required)",
+      "zh-CN": "要导入的已有远端资源 ID（必填）",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
   resourceVersion: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "Resource version (for versioned resources like agents)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Resource version (for versioned resources like agents)",
+      "zh-CN": "资源版本（用于 Agent 等带版本的资源）",
+    },
   },
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+      "zh-CN": "配置文件路径（默认：agents.yaml）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Import an existing remote resource into agents state",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Import an existing remote resource into agents state",
+    "zh-CN": "将已有远端资源导入 Agent State",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs:
     "--address <provider.type.name> --remote-id <id> [--resource-version <n>] [--file <path>]",
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/state-list.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/state-list.ts
index 8bc604b..e6588eb 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/state-list.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/state-list.ts
@@ -8,12 +8,18 @@ const STATE_LIST_FLAGS = {
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+      "zh-CN": "配置文件路径（默认：agents.yaml）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "List resources tracked in agents state",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "List resources tracked in agents state",
+    "zh-CN": "列出 Agent State 中跟踪的资源",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   usageArgs: "[--file <path>]",
   flags: STATE_LIST_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/state-rm.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/state-rm.ts
index 0442807..8d6242d 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/state-rm.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/state-rm.ts
@@ -15,18 +15,27 @@ const STATE_RM_FLAGS = {
   address: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<provider.type.name>",
-    description: "Resource state address (required)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Resource state address (required)",
+      "zh-CN": "资源 State 地址（必填）",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+      "zh-CN": "配置文件路径（默认：agents.yaml）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Remove a resource from state without destroying it remotely",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Remove a resource from state without destroying it remotely",
+    "zh-CN": "从 State 中移除资源，但不销毁远端资源",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   usageArgs: "--address <provider.type.name> [--file <path>]",
   flags: STATE_RM_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/state-show.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/state-show.ts
index c478782..82e7fae 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/state-show.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/state-show.ts
@@ -15,18 +15,27 @@ const STATE_SHOW_FLAGS = {
   address: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<provider.type.name>",
-    description: "Resource state address (required)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Resource state address (required)",
+      "zh-CN": "资源 State 地址（必填）",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+      "zh-CN": "配置文件路径（默认：agents.yaml）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Show details of a resource in agents state",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Show details of a resource in agents state",
+    "zh-CN": "显示 Agent State 中资源的详情",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   usageArgs: "--address <provider.type.name> [--file <path>]",
   flags: STATE_SHOW_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/validate.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/validate.ts
index ad918a1..32fe5ea 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/validate.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/managed-agent/validate.ts
@@ -14,12 +14,18 @@ const VALIDATE_FLAGS = {
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Config file path (default: agents.yaml)",
+      "zh-CN": "配置文件路径（默认：agents.yaml）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Validate an agents.yaml configuration (offline)",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Validate an agents.yaml configuration (offline)",
+    "zh-CN": "离线验证 agents.yaml 配置",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   usageArgs: "[--file <path>]",
   flags: VALIDATE_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/add.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/add.ts
index 160999f..cb1fb35 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/add.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/add.ts
@@ -11,28 +11,49 @@ import {
 import { emitResult, emitBare } from "bailian-cli-runtime";
 
 const ADD_FLAGS = {
-  userId: { type: "string", valueHint: "<id>", description: "User ID (required)", required: true },
+  userId: {
+    type: "string",
+    valueHint: "<id>",
+    description: { "en-US": "User ID (required)", "zh-CN": "用户 ID（必填）" },
+    required: true,
+  },
   messages: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<json>",
-    description: 'Messages JSON array: [{"role":"user","content":"..."},...]',
+    description: {
+      "en-US": 'Messages JSON array: [{"role":"user","content":"..."},...]',
+      "zh-CN": '消息 JSON 数组：[{"role":"user","content":"..."},...]',
+    },
+  },
+  content: {
+    type: "string",
+    valueHint: "<text>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Custom content text to memorize", "zh-CN": "要记忆的自定义内容文本" },
   },
-  content: { type: "string", valueHint: "<text>", description: "Custom content text to memorize" },
   profileSchema: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Profile schema ID for user profiling",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Profile schema ID for user profiling",
+      "zh-CN": "用于用户画像的 Profile Schema ID",
+    },
   },
   memoryLibraryId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Memory library ID (isolate memory space)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Memory library ID (isolate memory space)",
+      "zh-CN": "记忆库 ID（用于隔离记忆空间）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 type AddFlags = ParsedFlags<typeof ADD_FLAGS>;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Add memory from messages or custom content",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Add memory from messages or custom content",
+    "zh-CN": "从消息或自定义内容添加记忆",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--user-id <id> [--messages <json>] [--content <text>] [flags]",
   flags: ADD_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/delete.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/delete.ts
index 0c85ddc..d3febaa 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/delete.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/delete.ts
@@ -2,26 +2,29 @@ import { defineCommand, memoryNodePath, detectOutputFormat } from "bailian-cli-c
 import { emitResult, emitBare } from "bailian-cli-runtime";
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Delete a memory node",
+  description: { "en-US": "Delete a memory node", "zh-CN": "删除记忆节点" },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--node-id <id> --user-id <id>",
   flags: {
     nodeId: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<id>",
-      description: "Memory node ID (required)",
+      description: { "en-US": "Memory node ID (required)", "zh-CN": "记忆节点 ID（必填）" },
       required: true,
     },
     userId: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<id>",
-      description: "User ID (required)",
+      description: { "en-US": "User ID (required)", "zh-CN": "用户 ID（必填）" },
       required: true,
     },
     memoryLibraryId: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<id>",
-      description: "Memory library ID (non-default library)",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Memory library ID (non-default library)",
+        "zh-CN": "记忆库 ID（非默认记忆库）",
+      },
     },
   },
   exampleArgs: ["--node-id node_xxx --user-id user1"],
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/list.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/list.ts
index 6757fe6..67b0bb6 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/list.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/list.ts
@@ -7,23 +7,31 @@ import {
 import { emitResult, emitBare } from "bailian-cli-runtime";
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "List memory nodes for a user",
+  description: { "en-US": "List memory nodes for a user", "zh-CN": "列出用户的记忆节点" },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--user-id <id> [flags]",
   flags: {
     userId: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<id>",
-      description: "User ID (required)",
+      description: { "en-US": "User ID (required)", "zh-CN": "用户 ID（必填）" },
       required: true,
     },
     pageSize: {
       type: "number",
       valueHint: "<n>",
-      description: "Results per page (default: 10)",
+      description: { "en-US": "Results per page (default: 10)", "zh-CN": "每页结果数（默认：10）" },
+    },
+    page: {
+      type: "number",
+      valueHint: "<n>",
+      description: { "en-US": "Page number (default: 1)", "zh-CN": "页码（默认：1）" },
+    },
+    memoryLibraryId: {
+      type: "string",
+      valueHint: "<id>",
+      description: { "en-US": "Memory library ID", "zh-CN": "记忆库 ID" },
     },
-    page: { type: "number", valueHint: "<n>", description: "Page number (default: 1)" },
-    memoryLibraryId: { type: "string", valueHint: "<id>", description: "Memory library ID" },
   },
   exampleArgs: ["--user-id user1", "--user-id user1 --page-size 20 --page 2"],
   async run(ctx) {
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/profile-create.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/profile-create.ts
index 391fd08..727614f 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/profile-create.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/profile-create.ts
@@ -9,21 +9,31 @@ import {
 import { emitResult, emitBare } from "bailian-cli-runtime";
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Create a user profile schema for memory profiling",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Create a user profile schema for memory profiling",
+    "zh-CN": "创建用于记忆画像的用户 Profile Schema",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--name <name> --attributes <json> [flags]",
   flags: {
     name: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<name>",
-      description: "Schema name (required)",
+      description: { "en-US": "Schema name (required)", "zh-CN": "Schema 名称（必填）" },
       required: true,
     },
-    description: { type: "string", valueHint: "<text>", description: "Schema description" },
+    description: {
+      type: "string",
+      valueHint: "<text>",
+      description: { "en-US": "Schema description", "zh-CN": "Schema 描述" },
+    },
     attributes: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<json>",
-      description: 'Attributes JSON array: [{"name":"age","description":"age"}]',
+      description: {
+        "en-US": 'Attributes JSON array: [{"name":"age","description":"age"}]',
+        "zh-CN": '属性 JSON 数组：[{"name":"age","description":"age"}]',
+      },
       required: true,
     },
   },
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/profile-get.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/profile-get.ts
index 0a891ad..1edf3b4 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/profile-get.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/profile-get.ts
@@ -7,20 +7,26 @@ import {
 import { emitResult, emitBare } from "bailian-cli-runtime";
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Get user profile by schema ID and user ID",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Get user profile by schema ID and user ID",
+    "zh-CN": "通过 Schema ID 和用户 ID 获取用户画像",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--schema-id <id> --user-id <id>",
   flags: {
     schemaId: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<id>",
-      description: "Profile schema ID (required)",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Profile schema ID (required)",
+        "zh-CN": "Profile Schema ID（必填）",
+      },
       required: true,
     },
     userId: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<id>",
-      description: "User ID (required)",
+      description: { "en-US": "User ID (required)", "zh-CN": "用户 ID（必填）" },
       required: true,
     },
   },
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/search.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/search.ts
index 6abccb4..d8cc318 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/search.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/search.ts
@@ -11,24 +11,46 @@ import {
 import { emitResult, emitBare } from "bailian-cli-runtime";
 
 const SEARCH_FLAGS = {
-  userId: { type: "string", valueHint: "<id>", description: "User ID (required)", required: true },
-  query: { type: "string", valueHint: "<text>", description: "Search query text" },
+  userId: {
+    type: "string",
+    valueHint: "<id>",
+    description: { "en-US": "User ID (required)", "zh-CN": "用户 ID（必填）" },
+    required: true,
+  },
+  query: {
+    type: "string",
+    valueHint: "<text>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Search query text", "zh-CN": "搜索查询文本" },
+  },
   messages: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<json>",
-    description: "Messages JSON array for context-based search",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Messages JSON array for context-based search",
+      "zh-CN": "用于上下文搜索的消息 JSON 数组",
+    },
   },
   topK: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "Number of results to return (default: 10)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Number of results to return (default: 10)",
+      "zh-CN": "返回结果数量（默认：10）",
+    },
+  },
+  memoryLibraryId: {
+    type: "string",
+    valueHint: "<id>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Memory library ID", "zh-CN": "记忆库 ID" },
   },
-  memoryLibraryId: { type: "string", valueHint: "<id>", description: "Memory library ID" },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 type SearchFlags = ParsedFlags<typeof SEARCH_FLAGS>;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Search memory nodes by query or messages",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Search memory nodes by query or messages",
+    "zh-CN": "通过查询文本或消息搜索记忆节点",
+  },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--user-id <id> [--query <text>] [flags]",
   flags: SEARCH_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/update.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/update.ts
index 14cd3e9..438e1b8 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/update.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/memory/update.ts
@@ -7,32 +7,38 @@ import {
 import { emitResult, emitBare } from "bailian-cli-runtime";
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Update a memory node content",
+  description: { "en-US": "Update a memory node content", "zh-CN": "更新记忆节点内容" },
   auth: "apiKey",
   usageArgs: "--node-id <id> --user-id <id> --content <text>",
   flags: {
     nodeId: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<id>",
-      description: "Memory node ID (required)",
+      description: { "en-US": "Memory node ID (required)", "zh-CN": "记忆节点 ID（必填）" },
       required: true,
     },
     userId: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<id>",
-      description: "User ID (required)",
+      description: { "en-US": "User ID (required)", "zh-CN": "用户 ID（必填）" },
       required: true,
     },
     content: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<text>",
-      description: "New content for the memory node (required)",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "New content for the memory node (required)",
+        "zh-CN": "记忆节点的新内容（必填）",
+      },
       required: true,
     },
     memoryLibraryId: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<id>",
-      description: "Memory library ID (non-default library)",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Memory library ID (non-default library)",
+        "zh-CN": "记忆库 ID（非默认记忆库）",
+      },
     },
   },
   exampleArgs: ['--node-id node_xxx --user-id user1 --content "updated memory content"'],
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/model/list.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/model/list.ts
index b76f058..7bb28d2 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/model/list.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/model/list.ts
@@ -18,34 +18,60 @@ const LIST_FLAGS = {
   model: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<model>",
-    description: "Show full details of a specific model family (switches to detail mode)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Show full details of a specific model family (switches to detail mode)",
+      "zh-CN": "显示指定模型系列的完整详情（切换到详情模式）",
+    },
+  },
+  page: {
+    type: "number",
+    valueHint: "<n>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Page number (default: 1)", "zh-CN": "页码（默认：1）" },
+  },
+  pageSize: {
+    type: "number",
+    valueHint: "<n>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Results per page (default: 10)", "zh-CN": "每页结果数（默认：10）" },
   },
-  page: { type: "number", valueHint: "<n>", description: "Page number (default: 1)" },
-  pageSize: { type: "number", valueHint: "<n>", description: "Results per page (default: 10)" },
   provider: {
     type: "array",
     valueHint: "<p>",
-    description: "Filter by provider (repeatable, e.g. --provider alibaba --provider deepseek)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Filter by provider (repeatable, e.g. --provider alibaba --provider deepseek)",
+      "zh-CN": "按提供商筛选（可重复，例如 --provider alibaba --provider deepseek）",
+    },
   },
   capability: {
     type: "array",
     valueHint: "<c>",
-    description: "Filter by capability code (TG, Reasoning, VU, IG, VG, TTS, ASR, …)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Filter by capability code (TG, Reasoning, VU, IG, VG, TTS, ASR, …)",
+      "zh-CN": "按能力代码筛选（TG、Reasoning、VU、IG、VG、TTS、ASR 等）",
+    },
   },
   feature: {
     type: "array",
     valueHint: "<f>",
-    description: "Filter by feature (function-calling, web-search, structured-outputs, …)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Filter by feature (function-calling, web-search, structured-outputs, …)",
+      "zh-CN": "按特性筛选（function-calling、web-search、structured-outputs 等）",
+    },
   },
   contextWindow: {
     type: "array",
     valueHint: "<w>",
-    description: "Filter by context window range bucket",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Filter by context window range bucket",
+      "zh-CN": "按上下文窗口范围筛选",
+    },
   },
   enrich: {
     type: "switch",
-    description:
-      "Also fetch input parameter schema (predictConfig) for trunk models (detail mode only)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US":
+        "Also fetch input parameter schema (predictConfig) for trunk models (detail mode only)",
+      "zh-CN": "同时获取主干模型的输入参数 Schema（predictConfig，仅详情模式）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
@@ -289,7 +315,10 @@ function printPredictConfigTable(entries: PredictConfigEntry[]): void {
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Browse model families or show detailed model info in the Bailian model marketplace",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Browse model families or show detailed model info in the Bailian model marketplace",
+    "zh-CN": "浏览百炼模型市场中的模型系列，或查看模型详细信息",
+  },
   auth: "console",
   usageArgs:
     "[--model <model>] [--page <n>] [--page-size <n>] [--provider <p>] [--capability <c>] [--feature <f>] [--enrich]",
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/pipeline/run.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/pipeline/run.ts
index d06537e..10089dd 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/pipeline/run.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/pipeline/run.ts
@@ -11,36 +11,55 @@ const RUN_FLAGS = {
   file: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Pipeline definition file (YAML/JSON)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Pipeline definition file (YAML/JSON)",
+      "zh-CN": "Pipeline 定义文件（YAML/JSON）",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
-  input: { type: "string", valueHint: "<json>", description: "Runtime input as inline JSON" },
+  input: {
+    type: "string",
+    valueHint: "<json>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Runtime input as inline JSON", "zh-CN": "内联 JSON 格式的运行时输入" },
+  },
   inputFile: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<path>",
-    description: "Runtime input from a JSON file",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Runtime input from a JSON file",
+      "zh-CN": "来自 JSON 文件的运行时输入",
+    },
   },
   concurrency: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<n>",
-    description: "Max parallel steps (default: 1)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Max parallel steps (default: 1)",
+      "zh-CN": "最大并行步骤数（默认：1）",
+    },
   },
   events: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<format>",
-    description: "Emit lifecycle events: jsonl",
+    description: { "en-US": "Emit lifecycle events: jsonl", "zh-CN": "输出生命周期事件：jsonl" },
     choices: ["jsonl"] as const,
   },
   stepTimeout: {
     type: "number",
     valueHint: "<seconds>",
-    description: "Default step timeout in seconds",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Default step timeout in seconds",
+      "zh-CN": "默认步骤超时时间，单位为秒",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 type RunFlags = ParsedFlags<typeof RUN_FLAGS>;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Run a pipeline workflow definition",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Run a pipeline workflow definition",
+    "zh-CN": "运行 Pipeline 工作流定义",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   usageArgs: "--file <path> [flags]",
   flags: RUN_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/pipeline/validate.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/pipeline/validate.ts
index 695b877..e5594dc 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/pipeline/validate.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/pipeline/validate.ts
@@ -6,14 +6,20 @@ import { collectPipelineIssues, collectPipelineHints } from "bailian-cli-runtime
 import { loadPipelineFile } from "./load-file.ts";
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Validate a pipeline definition without executing",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Validate a pipeline definition without executing",
+    "zh-CN": "验证 Pipeline 定义但不执行",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   usageArgs: "--file <path>",
   flags: {
     file: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<path>",
-      description: "Pipeline definition file (YAML/JSON)",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Pipeline definition file (YAML/JSON)",
+        "zh-CN": "Pipeline 定义文件（YAML/JSON）",
+      },
       required: true,
     },
   },
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/plugin/install.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/plugin/install.ts
index 838bec9..7a018a2 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/plugin/install.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/plugin/install.ts
@@ -2,14 +2,20 @@ import { defineCommand, detectOutputFormat } from "bailian-cli-core";
 import { emitResult } from "bailian-cli-runtime";
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Install or upgrade an allowlisted Command Pack",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Install or upgrade an allowlisted Command Pack",
+    "zh-CN": "安装或升级白名单内的 Command Pack",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   usageArgs: "--package <name[@version]>",
   flags: {
     package: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<name[@version]>",
-      description: "Allowlisted Command Pack package and optional version or tag",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Allowlisted Command Pack package and optional version or tag",
+        "zh-CN": "白名单内的 Command Pack 包名，以及可选的版本或 Tag",
+      },
       required: true,
     },
   },
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/plugin/link.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/plugin/link.ts
index 4a232c1..7b78392 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/plugin/link.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/plugin/link.ts
@@ -2,14 +2,20 @@ import { defineCommand, detectOutputFormat } from "bailian-cli-core";
 import { emitResult } from "bailian-cli-runtime";
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Link an allowlisted local Command Pack for development",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Link an allowlisted local Command Pack for development",
+    "zh-CN": "链接白名单内的本地 Command Pack 用于开发",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   usageArgs: "--path <directory>",
   flags: {
     path: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<directory>",
-      description: "Local Command Pack package directory",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Local Command Pack package directory",
+        "zh-CN": "本地 Command Pack 包目录",
+      },
       required: true,
     },
   },
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/plugin/list.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/plugin/list.ts
index efc867e..047847e 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/plugin/list.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/plugin/list.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ import { defineCommand, detectOutputFormat } from "bailian-cli-core";
 import { emitBare, emitResult, formatTable } from "bailian-cli-runtime";
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "List installed Command Packs and their load status",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "List installed Command Packs and their load status",
+    "zh-CN": "列出已安装的 Command Pack 及其加载状态",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   exampleArgs: ["", "--output json"],
   async run(ctx) {
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/plugin/remove.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/plugin/remove.ts
index 6453300..75fbbbe 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/plugin/remove.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/plugin/remove.ts
@@ -2,14 +2,20 @@ import { defineCommand, detectOutputFormat } from "bailian-cli-core";
 import { emitResult } from "bailian-cli-runtime";
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Remove an installed Command Pack",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Remove an installed Command Pack",
+    "zh-CN": "移除已安装的 Command Pack",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   usageArgs: "--name <package>",
   flags: {
     name: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<package>",
-      description: "Allowlisted Command Pack package name",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Allowlisted Command Pack package name",
+        "zh-CN": "白名单内的 Command Pack 包名",
+      },
       required: true,
     },
   },
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/quota/check.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/quota/check.ts
index beca1cb..82637f8 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/quota/check.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/quota/check.ts
@@ -191,19 +191,28 @@ function printTable(rows: CheckRow[]): void {
 }
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Check current usage against rate limits",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Check current usage against rate limits",
+    "zh-CN": "根据限流额度检查当前用量",
+  },
   auth: "console",
   usageArgs: "[--model <model>] [flags]",
   flags: {
     model: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<model>",
-      description: "Model name(s), comma-separated",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Model name(s), comma-separated",
+        "zh-CN": "模型名称，多个名称以逗号分隔",
+      },
     },
     period: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<minutes>",
-      description: "Query usage for the last N minutes (default: 2)",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Query usage for the last N minutes (default: 2)",
+        "zh-CN": "查询最近 N 分钟的用量（默认：2）",
+      },
     },
   },
   exampleArgs: [
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/quota/history.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/quota/history.ts
index a12db99..6f1be61 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/quota/history.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/quota/history.ts
@@ -82,24 +82,24 @@ function printTable(records: LimitApplicationItem[], total: number): void {
 }
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "View quota change history",
+  description: { "en-US": "View quota change history", "zh-CN": "查看额度变更历史" },
   auth: "console",
   usageArgs: "[flags]",
   flags: {
     page: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<n>",
-      description: "Page number (default: 1)",
+      description: { "en-US": "Page number (default: 1)", "zh-CN": "页码（默认：1）" },
     },
     pageSize: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<n>",
-      description: "Page size (default: 10)",
+      description: { "en-US": "Page size (default: 10)", "zh-CN": "每页数量（默认：10）" },
     },
     model: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<model>",
-      description: "Filter by model name",
+      description: { "en-US": "Filter by model name", "zh-CN": "按模型名称筛选" },
     },
   },
   exampleArgs: ["", "--page 2", "--page-size 20", "--model qwen-turbo", "--output json"],
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/quota/list.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/quota/list.ts
index a6aefd6..2a8e902 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/quota/list.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/quota/list.ts
@@ -168,14 +168,17 @@ function printTable(rows: ListRow[]): void {
 }
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "View model RPM/TPM rate limits",
+  description: { "en-US": "View model RPM/TPM rate limits", "zh-CN": "查看模型 RPM/TPM 限流额度" },
   auth: "console",
   usageArgs: "[--model <model>] [flags]",
   flags: {
     model: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<model>",
-      description: "Model name(s), comma-separated",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Model name(s), comma-separated",
+        "zh-CN": "模型名称，多个名称以逗号分隔",
+      },
     },
   },
   exampleArgs: ["", "--model qwen3.6-plus", "--model qwen3.6-plus,qwen-turbo", "--output json"],
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/quota/request.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/quota/request.ts
index 5f25e27..98bdf21 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/quota/request.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/quota/request.ts
@@ -73,20 +73,20 @@ async function fetchModelQpmInfo(
 }
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Request a temporary quota increase",
+  description: { "en-US": "Request a temporary quota increase", "zh-CN": "申请临时提升额度" },
   auth: "console",
   usageArgs: "--model <model> --tpm <value> [flags]",
   flags: {
     model: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<model>",
-      description: "Model name (required)",
+      description: { "en-US": "Model name (required)", "zh-CN": "模型名称（必填）" },
       required: true,
     },
     tpm: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<value>",
-      description: "Target TPM value (required)",
+      description: { "en-US": "Target TPM value (required)", "zh-CN": "目标 TPM 值（必填）" },
       required: true,
     },
   },
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/add.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/add.ts
index 5c5c035..0c1e433 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/add.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/add.ts
@@ -25,18 +25,27 @@ interface AddOutcome {
 const INSTALL_CONCURRENCY = 3;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Install skills from the Bailian skill registry into local agents",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Install skills from the Bailian skill registry into local agents",
+    "zh-CN": "将百炼 Skill Registry 中的 Skill 安装到本地 Agent",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   usageArgs: "--all | --name <name,...>",
   flags: {
     all: {
       type: "switch",
-      description: "Install all skills from the registry",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Install all skills from the registry",
+        "zh-CN": "安装 Registry 中的全部 Skill",
+      },
     },
     name: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<name,...>",
-      description: "Comma-separated skill names to install",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Comma-separated skill names to install",
+        "zh-CN": "要安装的 Skill 名称，以逗号分隔",
+      },
     },
   },
   validate(flags) {
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/init.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/init.ts
index 22d5f1d..fdddeda 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/init.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/init.ts
@@ -27,13 +27,23 @@ const BAILIAN_PREFIX = "bailian-";
 const INIT_CONCURRENCY = 3;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Install all bailian-* skills (one-shot bootstrap for new environments)",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Install all bailian-* skills (one-shot bootstrap for new environments)",
+    "zh-CN": "安装全部 bailian-* Skill（用于新环境的一次性初始化）",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   usageArgs: "",
   exampleArgs: [""],
   notes: [
-    "Fetches the registry index and installs every skill whose name starts with bailian-",
-    "Equivalent to: bl skill add --all (filtered to bailian-* skills)",
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "Fetches the registry index and installs every skill whose name starts with `bailian-`.",
+      "zh-CN": "获取 Registry 索引并安装名称以 `bailian-` 开头的所有 Skill。",
+    },
+    {
+      "en-US": "Equivalent to: `bl skill add --all` (filtered to `bailian-*` skills).",
+      "zh-CN": "等价于：`bl skill add --all`（筛选为 `bailian-*` Skill）。",
+    },
   ],
   async run(ctx) {
     const format = ctx.settings.outputExplicit ? ctx.settings.output : "json";
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/list.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/list.ts
index 1a21887..05ea1a9 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/list.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/list.ts
@@ -16,11 +16,19 @@ function truncate(text: string | undefined): string {
 }
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "List registry skills and diff against local installs",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "List registry skills and diff against local installs",
+    "zh-CN": "列出 Registry Skill，并与本地安装结果比较",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   exampleArgs: ["", "--output json"],
   notes: [
-    "STATUS: installed | outdated | not-installed | missing (lock has it, dir deleted) | untracked (dir exists, not managed)",
+    {
+      "en-US":
+        "STATUS: installed | outdated | not-installed | missing (lock has it, dir deleted) | untracked (dir exists, not managed)",
+      "zh-CN":
+        "STATUS：installed | outdated | not-installed | missing（Lock 中存在但目录已删除）| untracked（目录存在但未被管理）",
+    },
   ],
   async run(ctx) {
     const format = ctx.settings.outputExplicit ? ctx.settings.output : "json";
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/remove.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/remove.ts
index 5074962..3c05399 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/remove.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/remove.ts
@@ -19,14 +19,20 @@ interface RemoveOutcome {
 }
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Remove locally installed skills (registry is untouched)",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Remove locally installed skills (registry is untouched)",
+    "zh-CN": "移除本地已安装的 Skill（不修改 Registry）",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   usageArgs: "--name <all|name,...>",
   flags: {
     name: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<all|name,...>",
-      description: "Skills to remove: all or comma-separated skill names",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Skills to remove: all or comma-separated skill names",
+        "zh-CN": "要移除的 Skill：all 或以逗号分隔的 Skill 名称",
+      },
       required: true,
     },
   },
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/update.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/update.ts
index 249c808..39da4cb 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/update.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/skill/update.ts
@@ -26,18 +26,27 @@ interface UpdateOutcome {
 const UPDATE_CONCURRENCY = 3;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Update installed skills to the latest registry versions",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Update installed skills to the latest registry versions",
+    "zh-CN": "将已安装的 Skill 更新到 Registry 最新版本",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   usageArgs: "[--all] [--name <name,...>]",
   flags: {
     all: {
       type: "switch",
-      description: "Update all installed skills (default when neither --all nor --name is given)",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Update all installed skills (default when neither --all nor --name is given)",
+        "zh-CN": "更新全部已安装 Skill（未指定 --all 或 --name 时的默认行为）",
+      },
     },
     name: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<name,...>",
-      description: "Comma-separated skill names to update (must be already installed)",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Comma-separated skill names to update (must be already installed)",
+        "zh-CN": "要更新的 Skill 名称，以逗号分隔（必须已安装）",
+      },
     },
   },
   validate(flags) {
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/add-member.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/add-member.ts
index fa7cea0..554ffc7 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/add-member.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/add-member.ts
@@ -23,26 +23,40 @@ const ADD_MEMBER_FLAGS = {
   accountName: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<name>",
-    description: "Member display name",
+    description: { "en-US": "Member display name", "zh-CN": "成员显示名称" },
+    required: true,
+  },
+  orgId: {
+    type: "string",
+    valueHint: "<id>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Organization ID", "zh-CN": "组织 ID" },
     required: true,
   },
-  orgId: { type: "string", valueHint: "<id>", description: "Organization ID", required: true },
   orgRoleCode: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<code>",
-    description: "Organization role: ORG_ADMIN or ORG_MEMBER (default: ORG_MEMBER)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Organization role: ORG_ADMIN or ORG_MEMBER (default: ORG_MEMBER)",
+      "zh-CN": "组织角色：ORG_ADMIN 或 ORG_MEMBER（默认：ORG_MEMBER）",
+    },
   },
   specType: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<type>",
-    description: "Seat tier to assign on creation: standard, pro, or max",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Seat tier to assign on creation: standard, pro, or max",
+      "zh-CN": "创建时分配的席位档位：standard、pro 或 max",
+    },
   },
   ...TOKEN_PLAN_COMMON_QUERY_FLAGS,
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 type AddMemberFlags = ParsedFlags<typeof ADD_MEMBER_FLAGS>;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Add a member to a Token Plan organization",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Add a member to a Token Plan organization",
+    "zh-CN": "向 Token Plan 组织添加成员",
+  },
   auth: "openapi",
   usageArgs: "--account-name <name> --org-id <id> [flags]",
   flags: ADD_MEMBER_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/assign-seats.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/assign-seats.ts
index d5d275c..961d1f9 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/assign-seats.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/assign-seats.ts
@@ -24,21 +24,34 @@ const ASSIGN_SEATS_FLAGS = {
   seatType: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<type>",
-    description: "Seat tier: standard, pro, or max",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Seat tier: standard, pro, or max",
+      "zh-CN": "席位档位：standard、pro 或 max",
+    },
     required: true,
   },
   accountId: {
     type: "array",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Target member account ID (repeatable)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Target member account ID (repeatable)",
+      "zh-CN": "目标成员账号 ID（可重复）",
+    },
   },
   ...TOKEN_PLAN_COMMON_QUERY_FLAGS,
-  locale: { type: "string", valueHint: "<locale>", description: "Language: zh-CN or en-US" },
+  locale: {
+    type: "string",
+    valueHint: "<locale>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Language: zh-CN or en-US", "zh-CN": "语言：zh-CN 或 en-US" },
+  },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 type AssignSeatsFlags = ParsedFlags<typeof ASSIGN_SEATS_FLAGS>;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Batch assign Token Plan seats to members",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Batch assign Token Plan seats to members",
+    "zh-CN": "批量向成员分配 Token Plan 席位",
+  },
   auth: "openapi",
   usageArgs: "--workspace-id <id> --seat-type <type> --account-id <id> [flags]",
   flags: ASSIGN_SEATS_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/create-key.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/create-key.ts
index 9df3b89..f6bb154 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/create-key.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/create-key.ts
@@ -23,17 +23,24 @@ const CREATE_KEY_FLAGS = {
   accountId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Target member account ID",
+    description: { "en-US": "Target member account ID", "zh-CN": "目标成员账号 ID" },
     required: true,
   },
   ...TOKEN_PLAN_WORKSPACE_FLAG,
-  description: { type: "string", valueHint: "<text>", description: "API key description" },
+  description: {
+    type: "string",
+    valueHint: "<text>",
+    description: { "en-US": "API key description", "zh-CN": "API Key 描述" },
+  },
   ...TOKEN_PLAN_COMMON_QUERY_FLAGS,
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 type CreateKeyFlags = ParsedFlags<typeof CREATE_KEY_FLAGS>;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Create a Token Plan API key for a seat",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Create a Token Plan API key for a seat",
+    "zh-CN": "为席位创建 Token Plan API Key",
+  },
   auth: "openapi",
   usageArgs: "--account-id <id> --workspace-id <id> [flags]",
   flags: CREATE_KEY_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/list-seats.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/list-seats.ts
index a5fc532..be2a40f 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/list-seats.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/list-seats.ts
@@ -20,36 +20,62 @@ const API_ACTION = "GetSubscriptionSeatDetails";
 const API_PATH = "/tokenplan/subscription/seat-detail";
 
 const LIST_SEATS_FLAGS = {
-  pageNo: { type: "number", valueHint: "<n>", description: "Page number (default: 1)" },
-  pageSize: { type: "number", valueHint: "<n>", description: "Page size (default: 10)" },
+  pageNo: {
+    type: "number",
+    valueHint: "<n>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Page number (default: 1)", "zh-CN": "页码（默认：1）" },
+  },
+  pageSize: {
+    type: "number",
+    valueHint: "<n>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Page size (default: 10)", "zh-CN": "每页数量（默认：10）" },
+  },
   ...TOKEN_PLAN_COMMON_QUERY_FLAGS,
   status: {
     type: "array",
     valueHint: "<status>",
-    description:
-      "Seat status filter (repeatable): CREATING, NORMAL, LIMIT, RELEASE, STOP, REFUNDED",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Seat status filter (repeatable): CREATING, NORMAL, LIMIT, RELEASE, STOP, REFUNDED",
+      "zh-CN": "席位状态筛选（可重复）：CREATING、NORMAL、LIMIT、RELEASE、STOP、REFUNDED",
+    },
   },
   statusListStr: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<json>",
-    description: "StatusList as JSON string, e.g. '[\"NORMAL\"]'",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "StatusList as JSON string, e.g. '[\"NORMAL\"]'",
+      "zh-CN": "JSON 字符串格式的 StatusList，例如 '[\"NORMAL\"]'",
+    },
+  },
+  seatId: {
+    type: "string",
+    valueHint: "<id>",
+    description: { "en-US": "Filter by seat ID", "zh-CN": "按席位 ID 筛选" },
   },
-  seatId: { type: "string", valueHint: "<id>", description: "Filter by seat ID" },
   seatType: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<type>",
-    description: "Seat tier: standard, pro, or max",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Seat tier: standard, pro, or max",
+      "zh-CN": "席位档位：standard、pro 或 max",
+    },
   },
   queryAssigned: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<bool>",
-    description: "Filter by assignment: true=assigned, false=unassigned",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Filter by assignment: true=assigned, false=unassigned",
+      "zh-CN": "按分配状态筛选：true=已分配，false=未分配",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 type ListSeatsFlags = ParsedFlags<typeof LIST_SEATS_FLAGS>;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "List Token Plan subscription seat details",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "List Token Plan subscription seat details",
+    "zh-CN": "列出 Token Plan 订阅席位详情",
+  },
   auth: "openapi",
   usageArgs: "[flags]",
   flags: LIST_SEATS_FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/utils.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/utils.ts
index 4f83a18..2ca1a25 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/token-plan/utils.ts
@@ -17,12 +17,15 @@ export const TOKEN_PLAN_COMMON_QUERY_FLAGS = {
   callerUacAccountId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Caller UAC account ID",
+    description: { "en-US": "Caller UAC account ID", "zh-CN": "调用方 UAC 账号 ID" },
   },
   namespaceId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Product namespace ID (Token Plan default: namespace-1)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Product namespace ID (Token Plan default: namespace-1)",
+      "zh-CN": "产品 Namespace ID（Token Plan 默认：namespace-1）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
@@ -30,7 +33,10 @@ export const TOKEN_PLAN_WORKSPACE_FLAG = {
   workspaceId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Workspace ID (env: BAILIAN_WORKSPACE_ID, config: workspace_id)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Workspace ID (env: BAILIAN_WORKSPACE_ID, config: workspace_id)",
+      "zh-CN": "Workspace ID（环境变量：BAILIAN_WORKSPACE_ID，配置项：workspace_id）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/update.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/update.ts
index cb67263..9d2d4d6 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/update.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/update.ts
@@ -62,14 +62,20 @@ function binaryReinstallHint(): string {
 }
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Update the CLI to the latest or a specified version",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Update the CLI to the latest or a specified version",
+    "zh-CN": "将 CLI 更新到最新版本或指定版本",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   usageArgs: "[--to <version>]",
   flags: {
     to: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<version>",
-      description: "Install this exact version instead of the latest",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Install this exact version instead of the latest",
+        "zh-CN": "安装指定版本，而不是最新版本",
+      },
     },
   },
   exampleArgs: ["", "--to 0.1.14"],
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/usage/free.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/usage/free.ts
index 6748a88..c52db65 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/usage/free.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/usage/free.ts
@@ -17,29 +17,44 @@ import {
 const TOP_N = 15;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Query free-tier quota for models (all models if --model is omitted)",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Query free-tier quota for models (all models if --model is omitted)",
+    "zh-CN": "查询模型免费额度（省略 --model 时查询全部模型）",
+  },
   auth: "console",
   usageArgs: "[--model <model>[,model2,...]] [flags]",
   flags: {
     model: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<model>",
-      description: "Model name(s) to query, comma-separated for multiple; omit for all models",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Model name(s) to query, comma-separated for multiple; omit for all models",
+        "zh-CN": "要查询的模型名称；多个名称以逗号分隔，省略时查询全部模型",
+      },
     },
     expiring: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<days>",
-      description: "Only show quotas expiring within N days",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Only show quotas expiring within N days",
+        "zh-CN": "仅显示将在 N 天内到期的额度",
+      },
     },
     sort: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<field>",
-      description: "Sort by: remaining (ascending), expires (ascending)",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Sort by: remaining (ascending), expires (ascending)",
+        "zh-CN": "排序方式：remaining（剩余额度升序）、expires（到期时间升序）",
+      },
       choices: ["remaining", "expires"] as const,
     },
     all: {
       type: "switch",
-      description: "Show all models instead of the top rows",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Show all models instead of the top rows",
+        "zh-CN": "显示全部模型，而不只显示前几行",
+      },
     },
   },
   exampleArgs: [
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/usage/freetier.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/usage/freetier.ts
index 0166fb8..868872b 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/usage/freetier.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/usage/freetier.ts
@@ -91,27 +91,36 @@ async function fetchAllModelNames(client: Client): Promise<string[]> {
 }
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description:
-    "Enable or disable auto-stop for free-tier models. Enables by default; use --off to disable",
+  description: {
+    "en-US":
+      "Enable or disable auto-stop for free-tier models. Enables by default; use --off to disable",
+    "zh-CN": "启用或停用免费额度模型自动停止。默认启用，使用 --off 停用",
+  },
   auth: "console",
   usageArgs: "<--model <model>[,model2,...] | --all> [--off] [flags]",
   flags: {
     model: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<model>",
-      description: "Model name(s), comma-separated for multiple",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Model name(s), comma-separated for multiple",
+        "zh-CN": "模型名称，多个名称以逗号分隔",
+      },
     },
     all: {
       type: "switch",
-      description: "Apply to all free-tier models",
+      description: { "en-US": "Apply to all free-tier models", "zh-CN": "应用于全部免费额度模型" },
     },
     on: {
       type: "switch",
-      description: "Enable auto-stop (default behavior)",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Enable auto-stop (default behavior)",
+        "zh-CN": "启用自动停止（默认行为）",
+      },
     },
     off: {
       type: "switch",
-      description: "Disable auto-stop",
+      description: { "en-US": "Disable auto-stop", "zh-CN": "停用自动停止" },
     },
   },
   exampleArgs: [
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/usage/stats.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/usage/stats.ts
index 0d45ac1..4229370 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/usage/stats.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/usage/stats.ts
@@ -274,24 +274,30 @@ function printModelTable(
 }
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Query model usage statistics",
+  description: { "en-US": "Query model usage statistics", "zh-CN": "查询模型用量统计" },
   auth: "console",
   usageArgs: "[--model <model>] [--days <days>] [flags]",
   flags: {
     model: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<model>",
-      description: "Model name(s), comma-separated; omit for overview",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Model name(s), comma-separated; omit for overview",
+        "zh-CN": "模型名称，多个名称以逗号分隔；省略时查看概览",
+      },
     },
     days: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<days>",
-      description: "Number of days (default: 7)",
+      description: { "en-US": "Number of days (default: 7)", "zh-CN": "天数（默认：7）" },
     },
     type: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<type>",
-      description: "Model type: Text, Vision, Multimodal, Audio, Embedding",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Model type: Text, Vision, Multimodal, Audio, Embedding",
+        "zh-CN": "模型类型：Text、Vision、Multimodal、Audio、Embedding",
+      },
     },
   },
   exampleArgs: [
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/usage/summary.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/usage/summary.ts
index c93d193..55d4985 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/usage/summary.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/usage/summary.ts
@@ -22,14 +22,20 @@ import {
 const TOP_N = 10;
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Show a unified usage summary: free-tier quota and recent usage overview",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Show a unified usage summary: free-tier quota and recent usage overview",
+    "zh-CN": "显示统一用量摘要：免费额度和近期用量概览",
+  },
   auth: "console",
   usageArgs: "[--days <days>] [flags]",
   flags: {
     days: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<days>",
-      description: "Number of days for the usage overview (default: 7)",
+      description: {
+        "en-US": "Number of days for the usage overview (default: 7)",
+        "zh-CN": "用量概览的天数（默认：7）",
+      },
     },
   },
   exampleArgs: ["", "--days 30", "--output json"],
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/workspace/init.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/workspace/init.ts
index 3820713..f773378 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/workspace/init.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/workspace/init.ts
@@ -26,17 +26,23 @@ const FLAGS = {
   accessKeyId: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<id>",
-    description: "Alibaba Cloud Access Key ID",
+    description: { "en-US": "Alibaba Cloud Access Key ID", "zh-CN": "阿里云 Access Key ID" },
   },
   accessKeySecret: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<secret>",
-    description: "Alibaba Cloud Access Key Secret",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Alibaba Cloud Access Key Secret",
+      "zh-CN": "阿里云 Access Key Secret",
+    },
   },
   securityToken: {
     type: "string",
     valueHint: "<token>",
-    description: "Alibaba Cloud STS Security Token (optional)",
+    description: {
+      "en-US": "Alibaba Cloud STS Security Token (optional)",
+      "zh-CN": "阿里云 STS Security Token（可选）",
+    },
   },
 } satisfies FlagsDef;
 
@@ -71,7 +77,10 @@ interface CommodityItem {
 }
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "Initialize Bailian workspace and activate postpaid services",
+  description: {
+    "en-US": "Initialize Bailian workspace and activate postpaid services",
+    "zh-CN": "初始化百炼 Workspace 并开通后付费服务",
+  },
   auth: "none",
   usageArgs: "--access-key-id <id> --access-key-secret <secret> [--security-token <token>]",
   flags: FLAGS,
diff --git a/packages/commands/src/commands/workspace/list.ts b/packages/commands/src/commands/workspace/list.ts
index c4fd1d7..9d7a00e 100644
--- a/packages/commands/src/commands/workspace/list.ts
+++ b/packages/commands/src/commands/workspace/list.ts
@@ -67,14 +67,14 @@ function printTable(workspaces: WorkspaceInfo[]): void {
 }
 
 export default defineCommand({
-  description: "List all workspaces",
+  description: { "en-US": "List all workspaces", "zh-CN": "列出全部 Workspace" },
   auth: "console",
   usageArgs: "[flags]",
   flags: {
     list: {
       type: "string",
       valueHint: "<n>",
-      description: "Limit number of results",
+      description: { "en-US": "Limit number of results", "zh-CN": "限制结果数量" },
     },
   },
   exampleArgs: ["", "--list 5", "--output json"],
diff --git a/packages/core/src/types/command.ts b/packages/core/src/types/command.ts
index b54db8f..727259e 100644
--- a/packages/core/src/types/command.ts
+++ b/packages/core/src/types/command.ts
@@ -266,7 +266,8 @@ export interface Command<F extends FlagsDef = FlagsDef> {
   usageArgs?: string;
   /** Example arg strings (without the `<bin> <path>` prefix). */
   exampleArgs?: string[];
-  notes?: string[];
+  /** Additional help paragraphs rendered below flags. */
+  notes?: LocalizedText[];
   flags?: F;
   /**
    * Cross-flag validation, after parsing and before run. Return an error message
diff --git a/packages/runtime/src/registry.ts b/packages/runtime/src/registry.ts
index 3095878..99dbc19 100644
--- a/packages/runtime/src/registry.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime/src/registry.ts
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ ${authFlagSections ? `${authFlagSections}\n\n` : ""}${b(this.localize(HELP_TEXT.
     if (cmd.notes && cmd.notes.length > 0) {
       out.write(`\n${b(this.localize(HELP_TEXT.notes))}\n`);
       for (const note of cmd.notes) {
-        out.write(`  ${note}\n`);
+        out.write(`  ${this.localize(note)}\n`);
       }
     }
     if (cmd.exampleArgs && cmd.exampleArgs.length > 0) {
diff --git a/packages/runtime/tests/i18n.test.ts b/packages/runtime/tests/i18n.test.ts
index d49e83b..11fb434 100644
--- a/packages/runtime/tests/i18n.test.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime/tests/i18n.test.ts
@@ -38,6 +38,12 @@ test("registry renders runtime help copy with the selected language", async () =
       "en-US": "Test command",
       "zh-CN": "测试命令",
     },
+    notes: [
+      {
+        "en-US": "Test note",
+        "zh-CN": "测试说明",
+      },
+    ],
     auth: "none",
     run: async () => {},
   });
@@ -58,4 +64,8 @@ test("registry renders runtime help copy with the selected language", async () =
   expect(output).toContain("全局选项：");
   expect(output).toContain("显示帮助信息");
   expect(output).toContain("获取帮助：");
+
+  output = "";
+  registry.printHelp(["test"], stream);
+  expect(output).toContain("测试说明");
 });
diff --git a/skills/bailian-cli/reference/skill.md b/skills/bailian-cli/reference/skill.md
index 8670967..6b3f8f4 100644
--- a/skills/bailian-cli/reference/skill.md
+++ b/skills/bailian-cli/reference/skill.md
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ _No command-specific flags._
 
 #### Notes
 
-- Fetches the registry index and installs every skill whose name starts with bailian-
-- Equivalent to: bl skill add --all (filtered to bailian-\* skills)
+- Fetches the registry index and installs every skill whose name starts with `bailian-`.
+- Equivalent to: `bl skill add --all` (filtered to `bailian-*` skills).
 
 #### Examples
 
diff --git a/skills/bailian-finetune/reference/dataset.md b/skills/bailian-finetune/reference/dataset.md
index 523a421..0d5b808 100644
--- a/skills/bailian-finetune/reference/dataset.md
+++ b/skills/bailian-finetune/reference/dataset.md
@@ -127,16 +127,9 @@ bl dataset list --output json
 
 #### Notes
 
-- Supports .jsonl (text) and .zip (audio/image archives with a data.jsonl
-- manifest). Five record schemas are recognized: chatml = {messages:[...]}
-- (SFT); dpo = {messages:[...], chosen, rejected}; cpt = {text:"..."}
-- (continual pre-training, raw text); tts = {wav_fn:"train/xxx.wav",
-- text:"..."} (audio fine-tuning); image = {img_path:"..."} (image
-- generation). With no --schema, a record carrying wav_fn is validated as
-- TTS, img_path as image, chosen/rejected as DPO, text (no messages) as CPT,
-- otherwise ChatML. Upload cap: 300MB text, 1GB image. Upload uses the
-- OpenAI-compatible /compatible-mode/v1/files endpoint so the purpose tag is
-- persisted (the DashScope-native /api/v1/files drops it).
+- Supports .jsonl (text) and .zip (audio/image archives with a data.jsonl manifest). Five record schemas are recognized: chatml = {messages:[...]} (SFT); dpo = {messages:[...], chosen, rejected}; cpt = {text:"..."} (continual pre-training, raw text); tts = {wav_fn:"train/xxx.wav", text:"..."} (audio fine-tuning); image = {img_path:"..."} (image generation).
+- With no --schema, a record carrying wav_fn is validated as TTS, img_path as image, chosen/rejected as DPO, text (no messages) as CPT, otherwise ChatML.
+- Upload cap: 300MB text, 1GB image. Upload uses the OpenAI-compatible /compatible-mode/v1/files endpoint so the purpose tag is persisted (the DashScope-native /api/v1/files drops it).
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -186,18 +179,10 @@ bl dataset upload --file train.jsonl --no-validate
 
 #### Notes
 
-- Default scan: every line gets a structural check, then ~160 lines (front 50,
-- evenly spaced 100, last 10) are JSON.parsed against the active schema.
-- Schemas: chatml = {messages:[...]} (SFT); dpo = {messages:[...], chosen,
-- rejected}; cpt = {text:"..."} (continual pre-training, raw text);
-- tts = {wav_fn:"train/xxx.wav", text:"..."} (audio fine-tuning);
-- image = {img_path:"..."} (image generation). With no --schema, a record
-- carrying wav_fn is validated as TTS, img_path as image, chosen/rejected
-- as DPO, text (no messages) as CPT, otherwise ChatML. Pass --schema to
-- require a specific shape on every record. ZIP archives (.zip) are
-- validated structurally (data.jsonl present, media references resolve) in
-- addition to per-record content checks. Use --full-validate to JSON.parse
-- every line.
+- Default scan: every line gets a structural check, then ~160 lines (front 50, evenly spaced 100, last 10) are JSON.parsed against the active schema.
+- Schemas: chatml = {messages:[...]} (SFT); dpo = {messages:[...], chosen, rejected}; cpt = {text:"..."} (continual pre-training, raw text); tts = {wav_fn:"train/xxx.wav", text:"..."} (audio fine-tuning); image = {img_path:"..."} (image generation).
+- With no --schema, a record carrying wav_fn is validated as TTS, img_path as image, chosen/rejected as DPO, text (no messages) as CPT, otherwise ChatML. Pass --schema to require a specific shape on every record.
+- ZIP archives (.zip) are validated structurally (data.jsonl present, media references resolve) in addition to per-record content checks. Use --full-validate to JSON.parse every line.
 
 #### Examples
 
diff --git a/skills/bailian-finetune/reference/deploy.md b/skills/bailian-finetune/reference/deploy.md
index a33d2c5..ae7653f 100644
--- a/skills/bailian-finetune/reference/deploy.md
+++ b/skills/bailian-finetune/reference/deploy.md
@@ -47,25 +47,14 @@ Index: [index.md](index.md)
 
 #### Notes
 
-- Plan defaults to `lora` (Token-billed) for text/image and `mu` (model-unit-
-- billed) for audio (CosyVoice TTS). Pass --plan to override.
-- For plan=ptu (Token-billed, provisioned throughput), --input-tpm and
-- --output-tpm are required (the platform rejects creation without an
-- explicit ptu_capacity despite the doc listing defaults).
+- Plan defaults to `lora` (Token-billed) for text/image and `mu` (model-unit-billed) for audio (CosyVoice TTS). Pass --plan to override.
+- For plan=ptu (Token-billed, provisioned throughput), --input-tpm and --output-tpm are required (the platform rejects creation without an explicit ptu_capacity despite the doc listing defaults).
 - For plan=mu, `capacity`, `billing_method` and `deploy_spec` are required.
-- billing_method defaults to POST_PAY (only supported value); deploy_spec
-- and capacity are auto-picked from GET /deployments/models when omitted.
+- billing_method defaults to POST_PAY (only supported value); deploy_spec and capacity are auto-picked from GET /deployments/models when omitted.
 - Use `bl deploy models --source base` to inspect available templates.
 - After creation, status starts at PENDING and transitions to RUNNING.
-- Invoke the deployed model with: bl text chat --model <deployed_model>
-- WARNING: --model is overloaded across commands and refers to DIFFERENT
-- values. `bl deploy <modality> create --model` takes the exported model_name
-- (e.g. `qwen3-8b-ft-...`), but the create response also returns a
-- `deployed_model` field (the deployment instance id, e.g.
-- `qwen3-8b-5ecb5f068d79`). The inference call `bl text chat --model` must use
-- the `deployed_model` from the create response — NOT the `model_name` you
-- passed to `deploy <modality> create`. Do not reuse the value across the two
-- commands.
+- Invoke the deployed model with: `bl text chat --model <deployed_model>`.
+- WARNING: --model is overloaded across commands and refers to DIFFERENT values. `bl deploy <modality> create --model` takes the exported model_name (e.g. `qwen3-8b-ft-...`), but the create response also returns a `deployed_model` field (the deployment instance id, e.g. `qwen3-8b-5ecb5f068d79`). The inference call `bl text chat --model` must use the `deployed_model` from the create response — NOT the `model_name` you passed to `deploy <modality> create`. Do not reuse the value across the two commands.
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -160,25 +149,14 @@ bl deploy get --deployed-model qwen-plus-2025-12-01-b6d61c71 --output json
 
 #### Notes
 
-- Plan defaults to `lora` (Token-billed) for text/image and `mu` (model-unit-
-- billed) for audio (CosyVoice TTS). Pass --plan to override.
-- For plan=ptu (Token-billed, provisioned throughput), --input-tpm and
-- --output-tpm are required (the platform rejects creation without an
-- explicit ptu_capacity despite the doc listing defaults).
+- Plan defaults to `lora` (Token-billed) for text/image and `mu` (model-unit-billed) for audio (CosyVoice TTS). Pass --plan to override.
+- For plan=ptu (Token-billed, provisioned throughput), --input-tpm and --output-tpm are required (the platform rejects creation without an explicit ptu_capacity despite the doc listing defaults).
 - For plan=mu, `capacity`, `billing_method` and `deploy_spec` are required.
-- billing_method defaults to POST_PAY (only supported value); deploy_spec
-- and capacity are auto-picked from GET /deployments/models when omitted.
+- billing_method defaults to POST_PAY (only supported value); deploy_spec and capacity are auto-picked from GET /deployments/models when omitted.
 - Use `bl deploy models --source base` to inspect available templates.
 - After creation, status starts at PENDING and transitions to RUNNING.
-- Invoke the deployed model with: bl text chat --model <deployed_model>
-- WARNING: --model is overloaded across commands and refers to DIFFERENT
-- values. `bl deploy <modality> create --model` takes the exported model_name
-- (e.g. `qwen3-8b-ft-...`), but the create response also returns a
-- `deployed_model` field (the deployment instance id, e.g.
-- `qwen3-8b-5ecb5f068d79`). The inference call `bl text chat --model` must use
-- the `deployed_model` from the create response — NOT the `model_name` you
-- passed to `deploy <modality> create`. Do not reuse the value across the two
-- commands.
+- Invoke the deployed model with: `bl text chat --model <deployed_model>`.
+- WARNING: --model is overloaded across commands and refers to DIFFERENT values. `bl deploy <modality> create --model` takes the exported model_name (e.g. `qwen3-8b-ft-...`), but the create response also returns a `deployed_model` field (the deployment instance id, e.g. `qwen3-8b-5ecb5f068d79`). The inference call `bl text chat --model` must use the `deployed_model` from the create response — NOT the `model_name` you passed to `deploy <modality> create`. Do not reuse the value across the two commands.
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -318,25 +296,14 @@ bl deploy scale --deployed-model dep-... --capacity 2
 
 #### Notes
 
-- Plan defaults to `lora` (Token-billed) for text/image and `mu` (model-unit-
-- billed) for audio (CosyVoice TTS). Pass --plan to override.
-- For plan=ptu (Token-billed, provisioned throughput), --input-tpm and
-- --output-tpm are required (the platform rejects creation without an
-- explicit ptu_capacity despite the doc listing defaults).
+- Plan defaults to `lora` (Token-billed) for text/image and `mu` (model-unit-billed) for audio (CosyVoice TTS). Pass --plan to override.
+- For plan=ptu (Token-billed, provisioned throughput), --input-tpm and --output-tpm are required (the platform rejects creation without an explicit ptu_capacity despite the doc listing defaults).
 - For plan=mu, `capacity`, `billing_method` and `deploy_spec` are required.
-- billing_method defaults to POST_PAY (only supported value); deploy_spec
-- and capacity are auto-picked from GET /deployments/models when omitted.
+- billing_method defaults to POST_PAY (only supported value); deploy_spec and capacity are auto-picked from GET /deployments/models when omitted.
 - Use `bl deploy models --source base` to inspect available templates.
 - After creation, status starts at PENDING and transitions to RUNNING.
-- Invoke the deployed model with: bl text chat --model <deployed_model>
-- WARNING: --model is overloaded across commands and refers to DIFFERENT
-- values. `bl deploy <modality> create --model` takes the exported model_name
-- (e.g. `qwen3-8b-ft-...`), but the create response also returns a
-- `deployed_model` field (the deployment instance id, e.g.
-- `qwen3-8b-5ecb5f068d79`). The inference call `bl text chat --model` must use
-- the `deployed_model` from the create response — NOT the `model_name` you
-- passed to `deploy <modality> create`. Do not reuse the value across the two
-- commands.
+- Invoke the deployed model with: `bl text chat --model <deployed_model>`.
+- WARNING: --model is overloaded across commands and refers to DIFFERENT values. `bl deploy <modality> create --model` takes the exported model_name (e.g. `qwen3-8b-ft-...`), but the create response also returns a `deployed_model` field (the deployment instance id, e.g. `qwen3-8b-5ecb5f068d79`). The inference call `bl text chat --model` must use the `deployed_model` from the create response — NOT the `model_name` you passed to `deploy <modality> create`. Do not reuse the value across the two commands.
 
 #### Examples
 
diff --git a/skills/bailian-finetune/reference/finetune.md b/skills/bailian-finetune/reference/finetune.md
index d269dfc..67c56e3 100644
--- a/skills/bailian-finetune/reference/finetune.md
+++ b/skills/bailian-finetune/reference/finetune.md
@@ -48,12 +48,8 @@ Index: [index.md](index.md)
 
 - Creating a job uploads any local datasets and consumes training quota.
 - Use --dry-run to preview the request body without submitting.
-- --datasets / --validations accept either file-ids (from `dataset upload`)
-- or local paths. Local paths are validated and uploaded first, then their
-- file-ids are submitted — a one-step upload-and-train.
-- Audio TTS training runs sft-lora (efficient_sft) with fixed CosyVoice
-- hyper-parameter defaults; there are no training-type or hyper-parameter
-- knobs to set.
+- --datasets / --validations accept either file-ids (from `dataset upload`) or local paths. Local paths are validated and uploaded first, then their file-ids are submitted — a one-step upload-and-train.
+- Audio TTS training runs sft-lora (efficient_sft) with fixed CosyVoice hyper-parameter defaults; there are no training-type or hyper-parameter knobs to set.
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -95,8 +91,7 @@ bl finetune audio create --model cosyvoice-v3-flash --datasets ./audio.zip --dry
 
 #### Notes
 
-- Only PENDING / RUNNING jobs can be cancelled. Completed / failed / already-
-- cancelled jobs return a server-side error (passed through verbatim).
+- Only PENDING / RUNNING jobs can be cancelled. Completed / failed / already-cancelled jobs return a server-side error (passed through verbatim).
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -126,8 +121,7 @@ bl finetune cancel --job-id ft-xxx --dry-run
 #### Notes
 
 - Exactly one of --model / --training-type is required.
-- Training-type values use the `<method>` / `<method>-lora` convention:
-- sft | sft-lora | dpo | dpo-lora | cpt. (cpt has no -lora variant server-side.)
+- Training-type values use the `<method>` / `<method>-lora` convention: sft | sft-lora | dpo | dpo-lora | cpt. (cpt has no -lora variant server-side.)
 - Queries listFoundationModels, a public API — no console login needed.
 
 #### Examples
@@ -166,8 +160,7 @@ bl finetune capability --training-type sft --quiet
 
 #### Notes
 
-- Use the returned `checkpoint` value with `finetune export` to publish
-- a deployable model.
+- Use the returned `checkpoint` value with `finetune export` to publish a deployable model.
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -197,8 +190,7 @@ bl finetune checkpoints --job-id ft-xxx --output json
 
 #### Notes
 
-- Cancel a RUNNING job first via `finetune cancel` — the platform refuses
-- to delete jobs that are still in flight.
+- Cancel a RUNNING job first via `finetune cancel` — the platform refuses to delete jobs that are still in flight.
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -230,9 +222,7 @@ bl finetune delete --job-id ft-xxx --dry-run
 
 #### Notes
 
-- Required before `deploy <modality> create` can target a checkpoint. The
-- platform may auto-export the best checkpoint when a job reaches SUCCEEDED —
-- explicit export is the canonical path for non-best checkpoints.
+- Required before `deploy <modality> create` can target a checkpoint. The platform may auto-export the best checkpoint when a job reaches SUCCEEDED — explicit export is the canonical path for non-best checkpoints.
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -292,14 +282,8 @@ bl finetune get --job-id ft-xxx --output json
 
 - Creating a job uploads any local datasets and consumes training quota.
 - Use --dry-run to preview the request body without submitting.
-- --datasets / --validations accept either file-ids (from `dataset upload`)
-- or local paths. Local paths are validated and uploaded first, then their
-- file-ids are submitted — a one-step upload-and-train.
-- Image generation training runs sft-lora (efficient_sft) with fixed defaults;
-- only --learning-rate is overridable. T2I vs I2I is declared with
-- --generation-type (default t2i), which sets generation_type/max_pixels. For
-- local data the type is auto-detected (records with input_img train I2I);
-- pass --generation-type explicitly to train I2I from a file-id or in --dry-run.
+- --datasets / --validations accept either file-ids (from `dataset upload`) or local paths. Local paths are validated and uploaded first, then their file-ids are submitted — a one-step upload-and-train.
+- Image generation training runs sft-lora (efficient_sft) with fixed defaults; only --learning-rate is overridable. T2I vs I2I is declared with --generation-type (default t2i), which sets generation_type/max_pixels. For local data the type is auto-detected (records with input_img train I2I); pass --generation-type explicitly to train I2I from a file-id or in --dry-run.
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -434,21 +418,12 @@ bl finetune logs --job-id ft-xxx --search checkpoint --tail 5
 
 - Creating a job uploads any local datasets and consumes training quota.
 - Use --dry-run to preview the request body without submitting.
-- --datasets / --validations accept either file-ids (from `dataset upload`)
-- or local paths. Local paths are validated and uploaded first, then their
-- file-ids are submitted — a one-step upload-and-train.
-- Training-type values use the `<method>` / `<method>-lora` convention:
-- sft (full) | sft-lora (LoRA) | dpo (full) | dpo-lora (LoRA) | cpt. These map
-- to the server's training_type at the interface boundary, so the rest of the
-- CLI never sees the raw server strings.
-- Before submitting (non dry-run) the job, the model's training capability is
-- checked via listFoundationModels (no console login required); an unsupported
-- training type fails fast with the list the model actually supports.
+- --datasets / --validations accept either file-ids (from `dataset upload`) or local paths. Local paths are validated and uploaded first, then their file-ids are submitted — a one-step upload-and-train.
+- Training-type values use the `<method>` / `<method>-lora` convention: sft (full) | sft-lora (LoRA) | dpo (full) | dpo-lora (LoRA) | cpt. These map to the server's training_type at the interface boundary, so the rest of the CLI never sees the raw server strings.
+- Before submitting (non dry-run) the job, the model's training capability is checked via listFoundationModels (no console login required); an unsupported training type fails fast with the list the model actually supports.
 - n_epochs defaults to 3. Other hyper-parameters are platform defaults unless set.
 - Learning rate is forwarded as a string to avoid JSON-number precision loss.
-- Pre-submit gate: if the training dataset's sample count is not greater
-- than batch_size, the job is rejected before upload or quota consumption
-- (the platform would otherwise fail ~10 min in, after data processing).
+- Pre-submit gate: if the training dataset's sample count is not greater than batch_size, the job is rejected before upload or quota consumption (the platform would otherwise fail ~10 min in, after data processing).
 
 #### Examples
 
@@ -505,14 +480,9 @@ bl finetune text create --model qwen3-8b --datasets file-xxx --dry-run
 
 #### Notes
 
-- Default (no --follow) is a NON-BLOCKING single status probe: one fetch, then
-- return immediately. This is the mode meant for agents / scripts — the caller
-- owns the polling cadence, so the CLI never holds the terminal.
-- A terminal FAILED/CANCELED status raises a normal CLI error (non-zero exit);
-- a SUCCEEDED or still-running status returns 0. With --follow, exceeding
-- --poll-timeout raises a timeout error.
-- Use --follow for the blocking, human-terminal-follow experience; use the
-- default mode when driving the loop yourself (e.g. from an agent).
+- Default (no --follow) is a NON-BLOCKING single status probe: one fetch, then return immediately. This is the mode meant for agents / scripts — the caller owns the polling cadence, so the CLI never holds the terminal.
+- A terminal FAILED/CANCELED status raises a normal CLI error (non-zero exit); a SUCCEEDED or still-running status returns 0. With --follow, exceeding --poll-timeout raises a timeout error.
+- Use --follow for the blocking, human-terminal-follow experience; use the default mode when driving the loop yourself (e.g. from an agent).
 - For per-step training output (not status), use `finetune logs`.
 
 #### Examples
diff --git a/tools/generate-reference.ts b/tools/generate-reference.ts
index a9f4b46..d4319a8 100644
--- a/tools/generate-reference.ts
+++ b/tools/generate-reference.ts
@@ -114,9 +114,9 @@ function formatExamples(path: string, exampleArgs: string[] | undefined): string
   );
 }
 
-function formatNotes(notes: string[] | undefined): string {
+function formatNotes(notes: LocalizedText[] | undefined): string {
   if (!notes?.length) return "";
-  return notes.map((n) => `- ${n}`).join("\n") + "\n";
+  return notes.map((note) => `- ${referenceText(note)}`).join("\n") + "\n";
 }
 
 function commandSection(path: string, cmd: AnyCommand): string {