feat(dev-infra): expose script for determining merge branches (#37217)

The components repo and framework repository follow the same patch
branch concept. We should be able to share a script for determining
these merge branches.

Additonally the logic has been improved compared to the old merge script because
we no longer consult `git ls-remote` unless really needed. Currently,
`git ls-remote` is always consulted, even though not necessarily needed.

This can slow down the merge script and the caretaker process when a
couple of PRs are merged (personally saw around ~4 seconds per merge).

Additionally, the new logic is more strict and will ensure (in most
cases) that no wrong patch/minor branch is determined. Previously,
the script just used the lexicographically greatest patch branch.
This _could_ be wrong when a new patch branch has been created too
early, or by accident.

PR Close #37217

dev-infra/tmpl-package.json

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
     "inquirer": "<from-root>",
     "minimatch": "<from-root>",
     "multimatch": "<from-root>",
+    "semver": "<from-root>",
     "shelljs": "<from-root>",
     "typed-graphqlify": "<from-root>",
     "yaml": "<from-root>",